Final Exam Places / June 2, 15:00

TB 310 ACAR-BELBER

TB 260 BERBEROĞLU-ÇAPAR

TB 240 ÇAR-DİKMEN

M 1100 DİNÇ-HALİLOĞLU

PARK 1 HIZLIKAN-ONAY

GYM ONGUN- TANHAN

PARK 2 TANRINIAN-ZÜLFİKAR

Outline of the April 25th Lecture / E. Eldem

"The Triumphant Bourgeoisie"

Important points to remember:

— The bourgeoisie is certainly triumphant in the nineteenth century, and probably still is to this day.
— The term has enormously changed throughout time, from town dweller (burgher) in the Middle Ages to a socio-economic class in the nineteenth century.
— It is worth noting that it has generally come with a negative connotation: not being noble under the ancient régime; taking part in the economic exploitation of the working class and representing political conservatism in modern times.
— Hardly presented as an ideal: in ancient régime France, the bourgeois are aspiring for noble status, rather than for bourgeois power (Molière’s Le bourgeois gentilhomme (The Bourgeois Gentleman).
— The French Revolution finally empowers them, in the name of the people. It is the beginning of a new era that will be marked by the rise of bourgeois power as an opposition to aristocratic elites.
— The revolutionary role played by the bourgeoisie continues well into the 1830s, with this group leading most of the popular movements against the establishment.
— Gradually, however, as they acquire more power and become the establishment, the bourgeois will start moving on the conservative side and become defenders of the status quo.
— Their power increases even more thanks to the combined effects of the Industrial Revolution in which they play a predominant role and of the rise of the ‘new’ professions, in education, law, medicine, engineering…
— The growing power of the bourgeoisie brings with it the rise of a new culture, based on moral values, taste, beliefs, behavior directly influenced by the bourgeoisie. Ideologically speaking, the bourgeoisie in the nineteenth century is generally identified with political conservatism, the defense of capitalist policies, and economic liberalism.
— Much of bourgeois culture is inspired from an old desire to emulate (imitate) the nobility in terms of consumption and display of wealth, often resulting in a showiness that can develop into outright kitsch.
— At the same time, however, it wishes to adopt moral values often supposed to be absent from the nobility. Family values, intimacy, moral righteousness, religious fervor are typical examples of such concerns.
— Interestingly, bourgeois power in the nineteenth century is such that the bourgeois cultural and moral model will have to be taken up by the other classes, from the very top (Queen Victoria) to the very bottom (aspiring working class).
— Bourgeois culture also freezes gender roles by assigning public/active domains to men and domestic/passive concerns to women, much in the way they will remain to this day.
— The bourgeoisie is also keen on exporting and imposing its values on other classes, most notably the lower classes. The same is true of its treatment of marginal groups (the poor, the mentally ill, the criminal), against whom repressive and punitive measures will be undertaken (hardworking and subdued subalterns, respectful and deserving poor, repenting and reformed criminals…)
— Most of these traits appear in the cultural and educational artifacts of the time. Photography, a new technology, makes it possible to capture the dignity, discipline, austerity, affluence, or love within the family, sometimes even including deceased family members…
— Children’s books reproduce these values by illustrating stories and situations that serve as an example to the young readers who are exposed to this material.

Outline of the April 20th Lecture / E. Eldem

"Society Transformed: Peasants, Workers, Consumers, and Capitalists"

Important points to remember:

— The nineteenth century introduces a number of radical changes as a consequence of the French Revolution and the ongoing Industrial Revolution.
— This is the end of the ancient régime, in political, social, and economic terms, and the beginning of a new era that prefigures modernity as we know it.
— Ancien régime society is overwhelmingly agrarian: the peasantry constitutes the great majority of the population. This is the least productive and most fragile sector of all, where productivity is extremely limited, and which functions at barely survival level.
— The urban masses are not better off; they suffer from job insecurity, harsh working conditions, and from the collapse of the guild system.
— The bourgeoisie, still undefined, and consisting of an elite of well-off traders and professionals is the rising power of the times, very active in the political movements that lead to the French Revolution and in the economic sectors that will realize the Industrial Revolution.
— The French Revolution brings them to power for the first time. The revolution is not really about the masses, but rather about a transformation of the elite and a transfer of power from the privileged estates to the economically and professionally powerful elites.
— The Industrial Revolution confirms this transformation, empowering the entrepreneurs who are able to catch up with this boom. The spreading of industry and especially of the factory system also transforms the lower classes, incorporating part of the agrarian and urban masses into the new order.
— This is a working class in the making, but it will take some time until the workers are able to associate, form unions, and become a significant political force. For decades, they will have to adapt to the harsh and competitive working conditions that characterize the system, from child labor to the overexploitation of female workers.
— The Industrial Revolution completely changes the material culture of the time, introducing cheaper and more resistant materials, durable consumer goods, a wide variety of new services, such as railroad and steamship transportation.
— Most dramatically, the Industrial Revolution will be able to gradually invert the relationship between production and demand. Until then, production depended on a modest and irregular demand. Now, production is going to be able to create its own demand, the beginning of consumerism as we know it.
— The political climate of the early nineteenth century is geared towards conservatism. As a result, until the 1830s, the liberal and more radical political actors join forces against the reactionary and conservative establishment.
— However, 1848 (the Springtime of Peoples) constitutes a major breaking point, as the bourgeoisie, more or less victorious since the revolutions of 1830, shifts its allegiance from opposition to conservatism, from revolution to status quo.
— The maturation of the Industrial Revolution by the mid-nineteenth century further confirms bourgeois power. Even the lower classes fall for the attraction of the cult of progress, of falling prices, and rising wages.
— The urban environment is revolutionized by these changes. The cities are transformed by urbanization: wide boulevards, apartment houses, department stores, theaters, cafés, hotels, street lighting, urban transports cater to the needs of a growing population of upper- and lower-middle-class urban dwellers.
— Even the peasantry, gradually marginalized by the growing industrial and service sectors, is transformed by an increasing mechanization and commercialization of agriculture.
— Finally, not to be forgotten, the cultural and ideological transformations of society during the period. The rise of bourgeois culture and the adoption of most of its values by the majority of the population is one of the most striking phenomena in this respect.
— More importantly, however, mass education, conducted as a means of “civilizing the masses” and turning them into citizens is probably the greatest achievement of the period, which eventually wipes out the remnants of traditional values and identities, from languages and dialects to beliefs and allegiances, sacrificed to the modernity of the nation state.

Outline of the April 13th Lecture / E. Eldem

"Latecomers: Bismarck and Garibaldi"

Important points to remember:

— The power of nationalism as the dominant ideology for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries;
— The origins of ‘political’ or ‘French’ nationalism in the French Revolution: an ideology based on the concept of citizenship and participation in the res publica, and of a voluntarist perception of becoming a member of the nation through civic rights and duties;
— The alternative form of nationalism defined as ‘German’ or ‘cultural’ nationalism, whereby the nation is defined in terms of ‘objective,’ cultural, or historical criteria: language, race, ethnic origin, common history, culture, blood, lineage…
— The realization that none of these two models exist in ‘pure’ form, a typical example being Turkish nationalism, which is heavily inspired by the French tradition (Ne mutlu Türküm diyene…), but eventually shows a greater propensity to resort to ‘German’ criteria of definition;
— Nationalism in its ‘French’ version, inspired by the French Revolution, tends to be a ‘progressive’ force until the mid-nineteenth century, meaning that it is mostly associated with liberal ideology, as represented mainly by the bourgeoisie and the lower middle classes.
— Importance of Rousseau and Romanticism in the formation of nationalist ideology. The Enlightenment thinkers were more concerned with the individual; Rousseau brings forth the notion of the sovereign will, to which individual interest can be sacrificed.
— 1848 (the Springtime of Peoples) a major breaking point in the ideological outlook of Europe. Until then most revolutions (1789, 1830) are led by the bourgeoisie; however, in 1848 a split occurs within the revolutionary elites, as the bourgeoisie opts for the preservation of the status quo, while the radicals and the rising working class continue to oppose the system.
— This shift in alliances is also felt at an ideological level: nationalism, until then the ideology of change, is gradually co-opted by the state itself and becomes an element of conservative and even repressive policy.
— A typical example is the way in which Napoleon III builds his political power on the idea of material progress and state-sponsored nationalism, transforming the Republic (1848) into an Empire (1852) through a combination of populism and political repression.
— German nationalism as a political project will develop only in the second half of the century. Initially it is mostly limited to intellectual and romantic constructs (Fichte, Hegel…) based on language, folklore, art, and culture.
— There are many obstacles to the formation of a German state, most notably a fragmented political landscape with two powers competing for leadership: Austria and Prussia.
— Bismarck will be the first to move from abstraction to reality by promoting Prussia as the leader of a future German nation. To do so, he first eliminates Austria from the race, creating a conflict in which Austria is defeated (1866), then, leading a victorious campaign against France (1870).
— The German Reich (Empire) is thus constituted in 1871 and comprises all German states, except Austria. It soon becomes one of the Great Powers of the time, engaging in the race for colonies and contributing to the rising tension that would eventually lead to World War I.
— Italian unification (Risorgimento) followed a somewhat similar path, starting with romantic revolutionism, best illustrated by the role played by the poet Giuseppe Mazzini, and underground revolutionary movements (the Carbonari). After 1848, the movement gains momentum, especially under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was able to ‘conquer’ most of Italy. However, Garibaldi ends up entrusting the final mission of unification to Vittorio Emanuele, King of Piedmont and Sardinia, who thus becomes the first king of a unified Italy in 1861.

Outline of the April 27th Lecture / A. Ersoy

Imperialism and Colonialism

Imperialism: Vast modern and unprecedented system of exploitation, control and domination.

Colonialism (almost always a consequence of imperialism): implanting settlements on distant territories in an endeavor to domesticate, transform and reorder ruled societies.

Modern imperialism vs traditional “empire building”:

Old empires, usually tribute collecting entities, determined by ideologies of universal kingship, religion, and moved by motives such as territorial expansion, glory, plunder and conversion.
Imperialism begins with the emergence of modern global economy, and involves a new scale and conception of control and penetration (economical, political, cultural) – a power and influence that transcends the formal boundaries of the empire itself.

First phase of imperialism (Late 18th century to 1870s), the “entrepreneurial stage” – primary mover: private companies (ex: British East India Co.) – Britain emerges victorious with its superior capacity of financial management. Imperialist agenda shaped by the cherished ideal of “global free trade” – with a moral halo attached to the mission of “forcing open” world markets for a peaceful future. First stage of globalization achieved: the world becomes a vast hinterland reshaped by the particular needs and interests of Europe.

Second phase of imperialism (1870s to World War I), “New Imperialism” – Burgeoning trend, and brutal rivalry, among European powers for imperialist expansion and acquiring colonies (“the scramble for Africa”).

Determining factors behind the rise of New Imperialist rivalries:

i) Economical: unprecedented scale and aggressiveness of commercial enterprises – the age of “big business,” cartels and trusts. The advent of mass consumption and rising demands of spreading industrialism and the affluent society.
ii) Political: Competing nationalisms – imperialism as a hand-maiden of nation states (also challenged by nationalist resistance movements in the colonies). The age of mass politics and propaganda – the empire as ideological cement, promoting national prestige and boosting self-pride (“social imperialism”)
iii) Cultural: Common cultural atmosphere justifying and instigating imperialist expansion - informed by grand narratives of progress and superiority. The imperialist fantasy of the “civilizing mission” (Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden)

Inherent “vulnerability” of empires and their global establishment: the inevitable presence “within” of the so called “inferior races,” (the Parisian suburbs) and the emergence of new and hybrid forms of knowledge (sub- and counter-cultures) – the post-colonial condition.

Outline of the April 18th Lecture / A. Ersoy

The Cult of Progress

“Progress” as a historically constituted, modern construct – A legacy of the Enlightenment informing modern conceptions of time (as continuous, linear, open-ended and directional development / as forward movement and improvement).

Advent of modern consciousness 18th and 19th centuries – profound reversal in the hierarchy of time – the future (rather than the past as tradition) becoming the center of authority and legitimation

Firm belief in the virtues of the future informed by an acute sense of change and rupture with the past (as organic continuities are irreversably severed with the rising prestige of secularized, rational knowledge)

Drastic change in the status and significance of Man – his traditional primacy as the center (and purpose) of the universe annihilated by a cold, impersonal Newtonian universe governed by overpowering cosmic forces – Man reduced to being a species.

Alternative models and strategies of thought that attempted to endow history with a new sense of purpose, continuity and directionality – now attuned to the premises of secularized knowledge. This new and secular vision of historical purpose and continuity is hinged upon the very idea of progress.

A new teleology emerged (a purposeful movement towards a predestined end): what moves and animates history is man himself (rather than a divine plan and authority). With his superior capacity of rational knowledge and reason, man takes destiny in his hands, and transforms the world around him towards greater perfection, towards a better and more sophisticated future. The modern narrative of progress becomes almost a secular religion or a cult; a grand explanatory model for every possible action and event.

By the nineteenth century, firmly entrenched as a concept, progress engendered diverse models and narratives of change: Friedrich Hegel’s (1770-1831) “historical philosophy” – Historical change as the story of the fulfillment of the “spiritual aim,” which is “complete freedom.”

Hegel’s three stages of the progressive unfolding of the spirit (based on the level of freedom achieved): The “Ancient world,” (which also encompasses the contemporary Orient) where only the tyrants are free, the “Medieval world,” where only a few (the nobility) enjoy freedom, and the “modern order,” where everybody enjoys freedom, made possible within what Hegel considers to be the most sophisticated form of social and political organization: the nation state.

The lasting legacy of Hegel’s theory: progress realized with the “dialectic movement of opposites,” where “conflict,” lies at the very center of change and improvement. Here, every force is coupled by its opposition, and every “thesis” at any point is matched by an “antithesis,” the clash of the thesis and the antithesis resolved by a stage of “synthesis.” History regarded as an open ended process of continuous “becoming,” a gradual, synthetic movement towards more articulate ideas and formulations that shape and animate the world.

Hegelian determinism and dialectics constitutes a lasting contribution to human thought, informing many theories of change, as well as agendas of national, political progress, emancipation and superiority: Marxist vision of history, the positivistic philosophy of A. Comte (1798-1857), who, like Hegel, proposed a three-stage model of historical progress that culminated with the “positive stage of thought”.

In the area of natural sciences, it was the idea of progress that made possible the emergence of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Following the publication of the Origin of the Species in 1859, Darwin’s views on evolution, natural selection, and “the survival of the fittest” were taken out of context by policy makers (for instance in the colonies) and appropriated into myriad theories of “social Darwinism.”

In all, the modern vision of time, based on the idea of progress (with its open ended, anti-establishment drive favoring open-ended, forward movement), carried a critical and emancipatory potential, and had imprints on many “progressive” movements throughout the modern era, such as the French Revolution, the civil rights and feminist movements or anti-colonialism.

Yet, it was also the “grand narratives of progress” (and their accompanying social projects) that harnessed utterly catastrophic, oppressive or violent results for the world (ecological disasters) and humanity (the idea of total war, the Holocaust).

Outline of the May 18th Lecture / V. Kechriotis

Nations and Nationalism

Two kinds of nationalism
- Hans Kohn, The idea of nationalism, 1944
- western/eastern, civic/ethnic, territorial/racial, citizen/ people,
present/past, politics/culture, French/ German, ius solis/, ius sanguinis.
- French revolution, nation in arms.
- German resistance against Napoleonic invasion.

Reflecting on nationalism
- 1848 uprisings-The defeat of liberal nationalism.
- Marx-Engels: division between historic and non-historic nations.
- Objective criteria of nation-formation, population, territory, market for the development of labor force.
- The small nations should be eliminated for the sake of progress and revolution.

Nationalism turns conservative
- The state monopolised national narrative: state sponsored nationalism
- Belated nationalisms: Italian Unification (Risorgimento) – 1861, German Unification 1871, (Bismarck)
- Liberalism supported by powerful bourgeoisie leads to pariamentary democracy (England).
- Absence of an autonoums bourgeoise leads to authoritarianism (Germany).

Different Approaches to nationalism
- Jules Michelet, 1867, History of the French Revolution
- He reaffirms the nation as a fraternity between equals (J.J.Rouseau).
- Patriotism becomes a new religion and the progressive force of European history.
- After the French-German war in 1870, Ernest Renan, 1882, What is a Nation?
- Nation as voluntary historical solidarity is opposed to the organic ethno-linguistic unity,
- Social and phsycological features, the shared experiences and common memories.
- Lord Acton, 1862, Nationality.
- He defends the English concept of liberal nationality and rejects the French concept of racial collective nationality.
- Multinational Empires are superior to nations. Nation is the product of state absolutism.
- Maurice Barrès. Action Française, 1898, royalist movement founded after the Dreyfus affair & revitilization of left-wing criticism launched by Emile Zola’s ‘J’accuse’ (I accuse).
- Nation as an organic entity of blood and soil.
- Max Weber, 1914, Economy and Society, the nations are conflict groups and bearers of unique cultural values which are superior exactly because they are unique.
- State and nation need each other, only political action can transform an ethnic community to a nation.

National movements in the Balkans
- 1804/ 1815 Serbian uprising – 1830 autonomy.
- 1821 Greek uprising – 1830 independence.
- 1859 Unification of Wallachia and Moldavia principalities into Romania.
- 1870 Bulgarian Exarchate.
- 1878 Berlin Conference (Independent Serbia/Romania/Montenegro, Autonomous Bulgaria)
- Eastern Question and the balance of powers.
- Local elites disenchanted from their exclusion from the Ottoman administration.
- From intermediaries they turn to national leaders.
- Intensive interaction with European educational and commercial network.
-Western Imperialism.

Characteristics of the Balkan states
- Secular nationalism is replaced by national religion (millet system)
- Agrarian societies, minimal urbanization, no industry.
- Should modernization be western oriented or respond to the needs of the peasantry?
- Nation building: urban elites use mechanisms such as education, military, judiciary in order to integrate the peasantry to the nation.
- Irredentism, (claim of territory outside the boundaries of the state on the grounds that this populations belong to our nation) might consume resources but it galvanizes national consciousness by providing a vision for the future (Great Idea).
- Revolutionaries vs evolutionists (Independence vs Dualism).
- Masses in to politics, from romantic reference to the past to modern vision for the future.
- Dynamism, energy, masculinity, survival of the most powerful.
- Middle classes claim their participation and nationalism will provide them with the means to achieve this participation.

Turn of the Century Culmination of Nationalism
- Macedonian Struggle (Greek, Serbian, Bulgarian. Macedonian nationalism)
- Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO).
- Macedonian Committee in Sofia and in Athens
- Iliden uprising, 1903 and Murzsteg Reforms.
- Young Turk movement.
- Balkan Wars 1912-1913.

Uprising against the Old Regime
- Constitutional and other movements- Iran 1905-1911, Russia 1905, Greece, 1909
- Young Turks Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (Committee of Union and Progress, CUP).
- 23 July 1908, the constitution is restored.
- Integrity of the Empire, subjects into citizens, removal of ethnoeligious privileges, liberalism, positivism, equality (müsavat), fraternity (uhuvvet), freedom (hürriyet) and justice (adalet).
- Balkan Wars: The proclamation of the Balkan nations against the Empire will be based on religion whereas the Empire will invite the citizens to fight for the Constitutional Motherland.
- The terns have been reversed.

Outline of the May 14th Lecture / L. Mazzari

Resistance and Revolution in Latin America:
The Haitian Revolution, Bolivar, Liberalism, and Constitutionalism


The Atlantic World: 1776 to 1830

Europe in 1800: “A weak Spain, an aggressive France,
and a watchful Britain”

France and Haiti: The World’s First Black Republic

Spain’s Crisis of Empire: The Bolivarian Revolution

Britain and the U.S.: The Monroe Doctrine

The U.S. and Latin America: “Enlightenment comes from
them”

Today’s Bolivar: Hugo Chavez

Chavez and Bush

Outline of the May 7th and 16th Lectures / S. Esenbel

Meiji Modernity and Asian Empire

Asian Revolutions


Meiji Japan as an example of how to modernize as a modern empire (not a nation state) with a nation state core and colonial possessions as the really common experience of 19th century and even twentieth century major power players of the West as well as Japan. Point is that it is a distortion to think modern capitalism/industry/modernist social educational revolutions are based on the nation state frame alone.

Japanese Industrial Revolution 1868-1920 first phase is the model that Asian countries are following to this day. i. e. state/government business collaboration, corporate structures of production, cheap labor, export consumer industries for world markets. Japan did in the 20s and 30s what China is doing now with 60s technology of Japanese firms transplanted to China. Korea and Singapore are using 70s and 80s electronic industries of Japan.

Late Modernizers

Japan, China, India

Weak state model for modernization and revolution
China example
Decentralized regional modern reforms by
local power elites: bureaucrats, warlords,
generals
Political Disunity 1912-1949
Nationalist Republic of China, Chinese Communist Party
Soviets, Warlords

Conclusion: Even if there is political disunity social and economic processes continue as
the background of the Peoples Republic of China and today's China

Colonial Model

India

India's entry to capitalistic economic production/integration to European type modern state structures of centralized administration, education, etc. result partly of the British colonial experience. Hence, while colonialism is politically an unequal experience as native elites are subject to the authority of an alien elite, from a social and economic perspective modernism's entry starts via the filtering "distortions" of colonialism.

Outline of the May 9th Lecture / Y. Terzibaşoğlu

19th-Century Ottoman Transformation

1) Re-ordering of state structures

2) The 'national question'

3) International state system of the 19th century

--

- Transformation, not 'decline'

- Transformation towards a 'modern state'

--

Centralisation in administration

what did early modern states do (indirect rule)
what modern states do (direct rule, state-citizen)

Information on subjects (statistics)

Equality before the law (notion of citizenship, concept of common Ottoman nationality)

New concepts of political authority, of government, and of law

Subordination of religion to state and politics

Emergence of 'public law'

Ottoman Civil Code (Mecelle)

Rise of secterianism

Inter-communal relations (communities, not 'minorities')

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT

1) SECOND REMINDER FOR MID-TERM MAKE-UP EXAM:

AS PER PREVIOUS ANNOUNCEMENT, MAKE-UP EXAM FOR HIST 106 WILL BE ON 9 MAY WEDNESDAY AT 17.00 HOURS. IT IS OPEN ONLY TO STUDENTS WHO HAVE ALREADY SUBMITTED VALID MEDICAL REPORTS FOR THE DATE OF THE MID-TERM EXAM.

2) EXAM PAPERS: (Dates have been changed!!!)

STUDENTS WHO WISH TO SEE THEIR EXAM PAPERS MAY DO SO BETWEEN 14:00– 17:00 HOURS ON 8 MAY AND 15 MAY TUESDAYS AT THE OFFICE OF THE TEACHING ASSISTANTS.

Midterm Exam Results

Student ID Name Surname Midterm (OVER 45)

2005101564 CİHAD ACAR 15
2006100478 EMRE ACIKARAOĞLU 24
2005102407 SELÇUK AÇIKALIN 15
2005101537 ALİ AÇIKGÖZ 27
2006102116 NÜKHET AGAR 27
2003103427 KORAY AĞDEMİR 7
2005101180 ASLI NİLGÜN AKALIN 33
2005103580 MURAT ORKUN AKAN 20
2006101114 UMUR AKANSEL 27
2005100019 MERVE AKDEMİR 30
2005103820 SEDA AKDEMİR 27
2005104108 GURBET AKDOĞAN 26
2005102851 OĞUZ AKKAYA 22
2005100463 ÖZGE AKKAYA 29
2005104036 GİZEM AKSU 34
2005101147 AYŞE AKTAŞ 23
2005101744 MEHMET İLKER AKTAŞ 22
2005103046 HAKAN AKÜZÜM 22
2005104711 GÜLDEN AKYILDIZ 7
2005103652 KANBER AKYÖN 25
2006103100 DENİZ AKYURT 36
2005101909 FEYZİ ALAETTİNOĞLU 19
2005102077 İNAN ALAKUŞ 15
2006104387 CUMHUR EGE ALİKADIOĞLU 10
2006000106 ZARİFA ALİKPEROVA 23
2004101333 ÖZLEM ALKAP 20
2004101549 SEVİLAY ALKILIÇ 25
2005100484 LEVENT ALLOVİ 39
2005103202 KEREM ALPASLAN 30
2005101228 ZEYNEP ALPAY 13
2005102725 BURCU ALSAN 16
2005100454 SAİD ALTINIŞIK 20
2003000215 MUHAMMET ALTINKAYA
2005103685 BİRCE ALTIOK 40
2006100331 MAKBULE EDA ANLAMLIER 26
2005102761 BATUHAN APAYDIN 16
2006103385 İPEK APAYDIN 33
2004103070 NEDA ARAFAT 5
2006300019 TÜLİN ARAZ
2005103958 SERAP ARIK 26
2005102395 GÜLFEM ARSLAN 8
2005100793 HAYRİ ALPER ARSLAN 28
2005104621 MEHMET MİRAÇ ARSLAN 22
2006105065 SERDAR ARSLAN 25
2005100085 SUZAN ARSLAN 24
2005103118 ASLI ASAR 24
2003103595 PELİN ASFUROĞLU 29
2005100919 SEDAT ASLAN 22
2006101129 PELİN AŞÇI 29
2003101849 ÖKKEŞ ATAHAN 10
2006104327 GÜLİZ ATSIZ 28
2005300287 KÜBRA AVCI 19
2006101090 SANEM SU AVCI 31
2005101540 CİHAN AYAZ 27
2005102671 HAZAN AYDIN 15
2006300337 KIVANÇ AYDIN
2004102104 MERVE AYDIN
2005103061 HÜLYA AYHAN 25
2005104747 EMREN AYTEKİN 19
2005104033 ALİ AYKUT AYYILDIZ 25
2006101861 EDA BAHAR 34
2003101390 AHMET CAN BAL
2005100088 ÇİĞDEM DAMLA BALABAN 16
2005100166 CANAN BALKAN 21
2005101708 ORHAN BALTA 28
2005103142 SONAY BAN 21
2006100988 ŞEBNEM BARAN 44
2005000109 ÖZLEM BARSGAN 20
2004100940 FATİH BAŞ 24
2005101678 GÜRKAN BAŞDOĞAN 21
2006103967 İLKER BAŞIBÜYÜK 28
2005104408 AYŞENUR BAŞTEKİN 22
2005101468 DURMUŞ ALİ BATTAL 17
2005103400 GÖZDE BAYCUR 28
2003103838 İSMAİL BAYGIN 12
2005100385 ŞEYDA BAYINDIR 11
2003101549 SİNAN BAYKUT 10
2005100721 AYÇA BAYRAK 28
2003103664 ORKAN BAYRAM 25
2004100763 HASAN BELBER
2005101855 GAMZE PELİN BERBEROĞLU 18
2005100568 CANAN BERKEM 29
2004101540 SİNAN BEYAZBULUT
2006103244 ANDAÇ BOLLUK 43
2005103466 ÇAĞRI BOYMUL 31
2005102758 FATİH BOZKURT 21
2005102809 MUHARREM BOZTEPE 23
2005103766 HAKAN BÖLÜKBAŞIOĞLU 18
2005101276 AYLA BULUT 21
2005102794 HAYRİ EMRE BÜYÜKABALI
2005102347 IŞIL BÜYÜKKAL 22
2005102500 GAMZE CAN 26
2005102695 SAFA CANALP 11
2006100475 MEHMET SÜLEYMAN CANSOY 29
2005103781 DERYA CANTUTAN 27
2005101885 HAVVA CESUR 18
2005102041 DİLEKNUR CEYLAN 27
2005104180 HALİME CİNBAT 13
2005104468 AHMET VEYSİ COŞKUN 19
2005103952 MERVE COŞKUN 33
2006103691 AYTEKİN DURMUŞ ÇABUK 32
2005104174 AYŞE ÇAĞLAYAN 36
2005102983 EMİR ÇAKAR 17
2004102374 AYLİN ÇAKI
2005101558 KEMAL FIRAT ÇAKKALKURT 8
2005100031 EZGİ ÇAKMAK 22
2005104402 GÜNSELİ ÇAKMAKCI 23
2005103376 OSMAN YUSUF ÇALIŞKAN 19
2005103997 SERDAR ÇALIŞKAN 26
2004104489 EMİNE ÇAPAR
2005104114 NAZLI ÇAPAR 25
2003102248 ELİF ÇAR 24
2005101753 YELİZ ÇAVUŞ 27
2002100307 HASAN NURHAN ÇELİK
2004102221 MEHMET OZAN ÇELİK
2006300345 ERMAN ÇETE 26
2005101669 BERİL ÇETİN 32
2005101006 TAYFUN SERHAN ÇETİNKAYA 17
2005102515 MERAL ÇİZMECİ 30
2005104375 MURAT NUR ÇOLAKOĞLU 37
2005100874 SERCAN DABANLIOĞLU 14
2005102215 ÖZGÜN ESİN DAL 17
2006103844 HÜSNÜ ÇAĞRI DALGIÇ 37
2005104249 MEYMUNE NUR DAVUTOĞLU 26
2005101822 SAFİYE DAYAN 20
2003103250 ÖZNUR DEDELER 14
2005000115 KAREN DELEON
2005100808 RAMAZAN CEMİL DEPÇE 29
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2004101924 MERAL EBRU DİKMEN 32
2005103679 MURAT DİKMEN 7
2001100925 UĞUR DİNÇ 28
2005100880 ÖZCAN DİNLER 17
2005101399 AYDAN DOĞAN 28
2005101921 ORKUN DOĞAN 22
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2005103235 YUNUS DURMAZKESER
2004101069 BİLAL DURUKAN 0
2003100169 SERDAR DURUPINAR 10
2005103784 BAŞAK DÜNDAR 10
2005102137 GÜLŞAH EFE 26
2005102953 ENGİN EFECİK 41
2004104444 YUSUF ONUR EKER 18
2005101390 NURDAN EMANET 19
2006101252 KORAY ERÇİN 16
2005104138 UMUTCAN ERDİNÇ 38
2005102713 EGECAN ERDOĞAN 13
2005101078 ŞULE ERDOĞAN 17
2005102866 ULVİ GÜN ERDOĞDU
2005102473 ZEHRA ERDOĞDU 18
2005101654 SERKAN EREBAK 21
2005101249 GÖKHAN ERMİŞ 28
2005103733 SEVİM EROL 21
2005101156 FULYA YÜKSEL ERSOY 31
2005101000 YUSUF ERSOY 17
2005100496 IRMAK ERTÖR 34
2005300091 PINAR ERTÖR 42
2004104138 EGE ESEN
2005103556 MERVE ESEN 26
2005102881 MUSTAFA ENES ESEN 25
2005104618 HALE EVRANSEL 24
2005100184 EYLÜL EYGİ 26
2001104009 MUHAMMED EMİN GENÇ
2005104660 İSMAİL GÖKCE 16
2005101834 GÖRKEM GÖMEÇ 15
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2005102326 HAYRİYE GÖNENLİ 29
2005104063 REFİK ÖZGÜR GÜÇLÜ 23
2005104684 SELİM EMRE GÜLERYÜZ 32
2005101195 TUTKU GÜLKAYA 29
2005103571 EGEMEN GÜLKILIK 17
2005100604 FATMA GÜLLÜOĞLU 23
2005102683 BİLAL GÜLTEKİN 27
2005102590 SEMA GÜN 30
2005100343 HANDE GÜNDOĞAN 24
2004100682 AHMET GÜNDOĞDU 21
2005104648 ÖZGE GÜNDOĞDU 30
2004100301 ZEYNEL CAN GÜNDOĞDU 0
2005103406 SONA GÜNDÜZHEV 19
2005101027 ARMAĞAN GÜNER 22
2005103163 KADİR GÜRAY GÜNER 25
2005101240 BUKET GÜNEY 25
2005101639 ONURAY GÜNEY 26
2005103943 İREM GÜNHAN
2004103997 İBRAHİM HAKKI GÜNTAY 31
2006100820 GÖZDE GÜRAN 33
2006200327 İSMAİL SEMİH GÜRATAN 36
2005101702 M. SELENGA GÜRMEN 40
2006102965 GÖZDE GÜZÜNLER 27
2006104156 KUTLU KAAN HALİLOĞLU 23
2005100094 ONUR CÜNEYT HALİLOĞLU 25
2006103808 ZEYNEP İPEK HIZLIKAN 26
2006100979 CEREN HİÇ 28
2006000112 SEVERİN HÖRMANN 35
2006102305 NİL İPEK HÜLAGÜ 25
2004101438 NİLAY IĞDIR 18
2005102734 ATALAY IŞIK 26
2005104150 FERHAT IŞIK 29
2005103415 EKREM ALPEREN İLBAŞ 10
2005101618 İDİL İLHANLI 37
2005100823 HALİL İNCE 12
9900223 MURAT İSTAY
2005102947 GAZİ KABAŞ 22
2005104129 ASLI KADİFECİ 13
2005101873 ALİ CAN KAHYA 13
2005100910 ZİLAN KAKİ 4
2003400301 BESTE KALENDER 29
9900442 SERKAN KANCA 11
2005104123 FATMA SENEM KARA 8
2005102389 AZİZE KARAALİOĞLU 22
2005102086 BERNES KARAÇAY 27
2005103382 ABDULKADİR KARAGÖZ 21
2005100118 YALÇIN KARAGÖZ 23
2005102104 HANDAN KARAKAŞ 32
2006105011 YAĞMUR KARAKAYA 36
2005101135 SİBEL KARAMARAŞ 31
2005104378 ESEN KARAN 29
2005104390 SELİM KARLITEKİN 36
2005104306 SİNAN KARŞIYAKA 19
2005104060 ÇINAR KAYA 25
2005103295 EMİNE KAYA 24
2005101813 HİKMET KAYA 20
2005104237 ILGIN KAYA 18
2006100562 MUSTAFA KAYA 29
2005104420 PINAR KAYA 18
2005103829 SEMRA KAYA 18
2006200330 KIVANÇ KAYADENİZ
2004101474 DENİZ KESER 18
2005102323 HATİCE EMRAH KESİMLER 12
2005100502 SENA KILIÇ 32
2006104294 BURÇAK KILIÇOĞLU 35
2005104807 BERKE KIRIKKANAT 32
2005103265 RABİA İMRA KIRLI 35
2005102620 HEDİYE KIZIL 32
2006300469 NUR KIZILTAN 35
2006100253 EMİNE SENA KİŞİ 32
2005102899 TUĞBA KOCAEFE 21
2005104399 FATİH KOÇ 9
2005102158 NURCAN KOÇ 16
2005103040 AYŞE KOÇAK 27
2005100547 ELİF KORTAN 25
2003101927 FATMA KÖMÜRCÜ 23
2005100862 FERHAT KÖSE 14
2005104777 HAKAN KÖSE 23
2005104393 KÜBRA KÖSE 19
2005104549 EBRU GİZEM KÖSEOĞLU 24
2005100565 GÖZDE KUL 30
2002104312 BAHADIR KULA
2003104243 ŞULE KULU 24
2005100265 ALİ KURT 17
2005102530 HÜSEYİN KURT 19
2005100652 ZEHRA KURT 39
2004103547 MEHMET KURTOĞLU 27
2003102944 ALİ KUTLUCA 11
2005101513 CAN KUYUMCUOĞLU 29
2005100253 BARAN KÜÇÜK 14
2005103847 IŞILAY MERİÇ KÜÇÜK 19
2006104009 GÜLPER KÜÇÜKKÖMÜRCÜ 41
2005101075 DORUK KÜÇÜKSARAÇ 32
2005100505 MEHMET ZEKİ KÜPELİ 25
2005100754 DUYGU LALOĞLU 31
2006101879 KEREM LAMA 17
2006000082 JOSEPH LEE 29
2003101807 ERSİN MADEN 10
2004103562 ESRA MADEN 19
2005103454 SEVNUR MALİK 29
2006000085 BONDO MESKHI 20
2005104651 ALPER METE 14
2006100028 ATAKAN METE 39
2005101783 GÜL ECE MİNVER 20
2006105056 AVNİ BERK NALÇACIOĞLU 13
2005101912 NESLİHAN NAZLIGÜL 27
2003200197 PELİN NTOGANTZALI 12
2005100268 HACER OCAK 10
2005102272 MELTEM ODABAŞ 18
2005102722 MEHMET SİNAN OĞAN
2006103190 ELİF OĞUZ 16
2005101804 MERVE OĞUZHAN 28
2005102860 GÖZDE OKÇU 5
2005103247 ŞÜKRAN OKUR 23
2006101894 ÜLKER MERVE ONAY 25
2005102374 ÖZGE ONGUN 29
2006101507 CANKUT ORAKÇAL 38
2005102167 ZEHRA ORMAN 30
2005100388 SİNAN ORUÇ 26
2005100070 ÖMER OY 22
2005104288 TUĞBA ÖCEK
2006101195 HALUK ÖKSÜZGÖNÜL 27
2000102413 CEMAL ÖMEROĞLU
2005101153 CEM ÖNDER 23
2006300457 SEZİN ÖNER 34
2005102296 YELİZ ÖZ 24
2005101756 DAMLA ÖZAKAY 27
2006104444 MUSTAFA SELÇUK ÖZAYDIN 11
2005104285 TANER ÖZBEK 14
2005102098 SÜLEYMAN KUTALMIŞ ÖZCAN 15
2005100139 MELİSA ÖZÇAKIR
2006103754 MERİÇ ÖZÇELİK 31
2005101132 BERK ÖZDEMİR 26
2005100733 DİDEM DERYA ÖZDEMİR 24
2005104057 HATİCE ÖZDEMİR 21
2005102365 ÖZGE ÖZDEMİR 31
2003101159 CAN ÖZDEN 39
2005102065 ŞİRVAN ÖZER 24
2006300029 TUNÇ KAYA ÖZKAN 34
2005103283 DİLARA ÖZKAYALAR 17
2005102971 DERYA ÖZKAYNAK 19
2005100655 SEYFULLAH HALİD ÖZKURT 16
2006105017 PINAR ÖZMEN 32
2006103661 GONCA ÖZSARAN 26
2006100742 AYŞEGÜL ÖZSOY 31
2005104054 DEVLET DUYGU ÖZSOY 15
2003102932 ŞEYDA ÖZSOY
2005102461 BUKET ÖZTEKİN 33
2005101828 OĞUZ ÖZTUNALI 27
2005100892 BEHİRE SEVİNÇ ÖZTÜRK 22
2005200167 HATİCE SÜMEYRA ÖZTÜRK 21
2005104201 MUSTAFA ALPER ÖZTÜRK 17
2005104363 ÖZGÜR ÖZTÜRK 14
2005100178 MÜGE ÖZVAROL 14
2005100205 YASEMİN FATMA ÖZYİĞİT 18
2005100628 EMRE ÖZYURT 16
2005104273 ŞENİZ PAMUK 19
2005102053 ŞAHİKA PAŞOLAR 26
2005100403 ESRA PEHLEVAN 19
2005101201 BETÜL PEKKANLI
2006101123 ELİF PEKMEZCİOĞLU 19
2005101420 GÖKÇE PİROĞLU 28
2005100199 ABDULLAH BURAK POLAT 23
TÜLİN POLAZ 0
2004102812 HANDE REÇBER (ÇAKIR) 9
2005102554 ZEYNEP REKKALI 16
2006103262 AYŞEGÜL RONABAR 31
2002100415 AHU SAHA 15
2005100292 ATIL SAMANCIOĞLU 25
2005101699 DERYA SANCAKLI 39
2005102830 DİLEK SANDIK 30
2004100583 TUBA SARDAR 31
2005100760 BETÜL SATIK 16
2005101063 EDA SAYALI 21
2006103112 KUTADGU FIRAT SAYIN 23
2005103259 ORÇUN SELÇUK 26
2002101714 HARUN SERT 0
2005101117 SEYİT ARDA SERT 17
2005102248 EMREHAN SEYHAN 23
2004102488 BİLİNÇ SEZGİN 19
2004101810 ÜMİT SİPAHİOĞLU 26
2005101381 İREM SOMER 23
2005102539 MUSTAFA SEZER SOYSAL 3
2005103388 ÖZGE SOYUER 18
2005100922 PINAR SÖZER 21
2005104159 SEMA SÖZER 23
2005101366 MUHAMMET FARUK SUBAŞI 10
2006103451 ÖVGÜ SÜZEN 29
2005102428 SERCAN ŞAFAK
2005100181 ELVAN ŞAHİN 32
2005103667 MURAT ŞAHİN 27
2006101282 SELAHADDİN ŞAHİN 29
2006103550 ECE ŞAKARER 27
2005100445 İREM ŞANCI 15
2005101942 IŞIN ŞANLI 23
2004100625 EMİNE ŞEKER 15
2005101495 ESMA GÜL ŞENER 14
2004102188 CEREN ŞENGÜL 22
2001101030 EVREN ŞENGÜL 7
2006100445 NİL ŞENVER 41
2006103604 SU ŞİMŞEK 27
2002102572 MUHAMMED TAHA ŞİRİN
2005103481 ÖZKAN ŞİRİN 20
2006300007 NEJAT ŞİŞMANOĞLU 0
2005104105 TUĞÇE TABAK 27
2005101546 UĞUR TAHMAZ 19
2006300341 NERGİZ TANHAN 29
2005104768 ÖZGE TANRINIAN 30
2002100184 BİLAL TANYERİ
2004100997 FIRAT TARAKCI 32
2005102431 AHMET TAŞCI 10
2005102089 ÖZGE TAŞDEMİR 24
2005103424 MEHMET FATİH TATARİ 35
2005101318 GÖZDE TEKAY
2005103487 HAKAN TEKELİ 26
2005100724 ÇİĞDEM TEKŞEN 27
2005100286 MERVE TETEY 23
2005103100 DİLAN TETİK 26
2005102911 GÖKHAN TOK 17
2005104102 HAKAN TOPÇU 19
2006103616 NİHAN TOPRAKKIRAN 30
2005101192 PERİHAN SENA TORAMAN 18
2005102593 TREYSİ TOVİM 24
2001400229 BILIAL TSILIGKIR
2005104339 YASEMİN BERRAK TUNA 24
2005104642 CİHAN TUNCER 29
2005102995 SAMET TUNCER 25
2005103031 MERVE TUNCİ 19
2005104786 HAKAN TUNÇ 21
2005104456 MEHMET NECİP TUNÇ
2005103715 MİNE TÜFEKÇİ 19
2005103718 MÜGE TÜFEKÇİ 13
2005101438 KANER ATAKAN TÜRKER 27
2006101531 GÜLSUN TÜRKMENOĞULLARI 30
2005103547 HANİFE UĞUR 26
2003100619 NURAY UĞUR 17
2005101795 SEÇKİN ULUSKAN 24
2005104162 FATMA CANSU USAK 19
2005100646 ALP CAN UTKU 21
2005102770 MERVE UVUT 17
2005100217 DİDEM UYGUN 26
2005102305 DUYGU UYGUN
2006102296 SELEHATTİN UYSAL 13
2005104753 AHMET UZUN 33
2005104756 MERVE UZUN 18
2004101357 ONUR UZUN 16
2005300013 FİLİZ UZUNYAYLA
2005104117 CEREN ÜLKÜ
2005102656 YAVUZ ÜNAL 26
2005101081 BERK VARDAR 22
2004102197 FATMA CANSU VAROL 15
2005100643 GİZEM VURAL 14
2006000091 AMY JOY WAKITSCH 25
2004101246 MELTEM YABACI 22
2005103775 SAMET YALÇIN 28
2005101672 YALÇIN YALINKILIÇ 30
2005100589 MÜGE YAMANYILMAZ 19
2004102905 ŞEBNEM YAPARELLER 12
2005103697 ONUR YARDIMCI 4
2005101684 GÜNSELİ YARKIN 22
2005104828 FARUK YAŞAR
2006102128 RUŞEN YAŞAR 22
2005102260 ZEYNEP YAŞAR 12
2006103358 MELİKE YAVUZ 29
2005100226 MESUT MALİK YAVUZ 32
2005103172 ÇAĞRI YAZI 36
2006104420 KÜBRA YENİ 32
2005102920 SERAP YILDIRIM 18
2005103007 ELİF YILDIZ 17
2005101159 GÖKHAN YILDIZ 25
2004101342 TEVHİD YILDIZ
2005101666 BURAK YILMAZ
2004101807 CEMİLE NAZ YILMAZ 15
2005101231 MELİKE YILMAZ 29
2005102821 MERVE YILMAZ 27
2004100373 YASEMİN YILMAZ
2005102572 HALİL İBRAHİM YÖNLÜER
2005103196 TUĞBA YUMAKLI 35
2005101012 MERVE YUMUŞAK 19
2005102611 AYTAÇ YURDAKURBAN 17
2005103919 ELİF YURTOĞLU 19
2005100811 SALİM YÜKSEKOL 28
2006104837 EKREM YÜKSEL 29
2005103115 SEVDE ZEYNEP YÜZER 23
2000470084 DERYA NEVRUZ ZENGİN
2005101591 ECE ZERMAN 27
2005103334 ŞEHİTNUR ZÜLFİKAR 25

Outline of the April 2nd Lecture / L. Mazzari

An Enlightenment Experiment: The American Revolution—

______________________________________________________

1. The Political Philosophy of the Enlightenment: The Glorious
Revolution, John Locke, and the theory of balanced government

2. Rational Claims for Self-Rule: The Declaration of Independence

3. The Machinery of American Democracy: A rational system of
checks and balances

The abortive Articles of Confederation

The U.S. Constitution: A balance no longer between estates,
but between types and sources of power
Vertical: Federal, state, county, and municipal
Horizontal: Executive, legislative, and judicial

Bill of Rights: Balance between government and individual;
Freedom “from” and the freedom “to”

4. Classical Foundations of Republican Virtue

“L’enfant’s District of Columbia
Revolutionary heroes as Roman senators

5. Republicanism to Liberalism: Tocqueville in Jacksonian America

Nature and capitalism in the new American West

6. Testing the Limits of Independence: The War for the Union and the
Definition of American Democracy