Final Results

Students may see their final exam papers at the Teaching Assistants’ office between 19 June Tuesday and 22 June Friday.

Name Surname Final Grade (over 45) Overall Catalogue Grade
CİHAD ACAR 19 DC
EMRE ACIKARAOĞLU 27 DC
SELÇUK AÇIKALIN 20 DD
ALİ AÇIKGÖZ 23 CC
NÜKHET AGAR 30 CC
KORAY AĞDEMİR NP
ASLI NİLGÜN AKALIN 18 CC
MURAT ORKUN AKAN 19 DD
UMUR AKANSEL 12 DD
MERVE AKDEMİR 22 CC
SEDA AKDEMİR 24 DC
GURBET AKDOĞAN 23 DC
OĞUZ AKKAYA 24 CC
ÖZGE AKKAYA 29 CC
GİZEM AKSU 26 CC
AYŞE AKTAŞ 27 CC
MEHMET İLKERAKTAŞ 15 DD
HAKAN AKÜZÜM 18 DC
GÜLDEN AKYILDIZ NP
KANBER AKYÖN 22 DC
DENİZ AKYURT 36 BA
FEYZİ ALAETTİNOĞLU 16 DD
İNAN ALAKUŞ 8 F
CUMHUR EGE ALİKADIOĞLU 0 F
ZARİFA ALİKPEROVA 38 CB
ÖZLEM ALKAP 22 DC
SEVİLAY ALKILIÇ 21 DC
LEVENT ALLOVİ 38 BB
KEREM ALPASLAN 27 CC
ZEYNEP ALPAY NP
BURCU ALSAN 17 F
SAİD ALTINIŞIK 23 DC
MUHAMMET ALTINKAYA NP
BİRCE ALTIOK 31 BA
MAKBULE EDA ANLAMLIER 34 CC
BATUHAN APAYDIN NP
İPEK APAYDIN 24 CC
NEDA ARAFAT NP
TÜLİN ARAZ NP
SERAP ARIK 19 DC
GÜLFEM ARSLAN NP
HAYRİ ALPER ARSLAN 26 CC
MEHMET MİRAÇARSLAN NP
SERDAR ARSLAN 25 DC
SUZAN ARSLAN 24 DC
ASLI ASAR 27 CC
PELİN ASFUROĞLU 26 CC
SEDAT ASLAN 25 DC
PELİN AŞÇI 28 CC
ÖKKEŞ ATAHAN 5 F
GÜLİZ ATSIZ 20 DC
KÜBRA AVCI 13 DD
SANEM SU AVCI 41 BA
CİHAN AYAZ 24 CC
HAZAN AYDIN 23 DD
KIVANÇ AYDIN NP
MERVE AYDIN NP
HÜLYA AYHAN 22 DC
EMREN AYTEKİN 15 DD
ALİ AYKUT AYYILDIZ 24 DD
EDA BAHAR 30 CB
AHMET CAN BAL NP
ÇİĞDEM DAMLABALABAN 20 DD
CANAN BALKAN 27 DC
ORHAN BALTA 25 CC
SONAY BAN 26 DC
ŞEBNEM BARAN 45 AA
ÖZLEM BARSGAN 33 CC
FATİH BAŞ 23 DC
GÜRKAN BAŞDOĞAN 17 DD
İLKER BAŞIBÜYÜK 38 BB
AYŞENUR BAŞTEKİN 22 DC
DURMUŞ ALİ BATTAL 19 DD
GÖZDE BAYCUR 31 CC
İSMAİL BAYGIN 13 F
ŞEYDA BAYINDIR 2 F
SİNAN BAYKUT 6 F
AYÇA BAYRAK 23 CC
ORKAN BAYRAM 9 DD
HASAN BELBER NP
GAMZE PELİN BERBEROĞLU 17 DD
CANAN BERKEM 29 CC
SİNAN BEYAZBULUT NP
ANDAÇ BOLLUK 41 AA
ÇAĞRI BOYMUL 32 CB
FATİH BOZKURT 26 DC
MUHARREM BOZTEPE 29 CC
HAKAN BÖLÜKBAŞIOĞLU 27 DD
AYLA BULUT 31 DC
HAYRİ EMRE BÜYÜKABALI NP
IŞIL BÜYÜKKAL 25 DC
GAMZE CAN 25 DC
SAFA CANALP NP
MEHMET SÜLEYMAN CANSOY 35 CB
DERYA CANTUTAN 29 CC
HAVVA CESUR 29 DC
DİLEKNUR CEYLAN 21 DC
HALİME CİNBAT 3 F
AHMET VEYSİ COŞKUN 14 F
MERVE COŞKUN 38 BB
AYTEKİN DURMUŞ ÇABUK 33 BB
AYŞE ÇAĞLAYAN 36 BA
EMİR ÇAKAR 26 DC
AYLİN ÇAKI 9 F
KEMAL FIRAT ÇAKKALKURT NP
EZGİ ÇAKMAK 25 DC
GÜNSELİ ÇAKMAKCI 23 DC
OSMAN YUSUF ÇALIŞKAN 13 DD
SERDAR ÇALIŞKAN 36 CB
EMİNE ÇAPAR NP
NAZLI ÇAPAR 31 CC
ELİF ÇAR 36 CC
YELİZ ÇAVUŞ 24 DC
HASAN NURHAN ÇELİK NP
MEHMET OZAN ÇELİK NP
ERMAN ÇETE 19 DC
BERİL ÇETİN 32 CB
TAYFUN SERHAN ÇETİNKAYA 15 F
MERAL ÇİZMECİ 32 CB
MURAT NUR ÇOLAKOĞLU 34 BA
SERCAN DABANLIOĞLU 16 F
ÖZGÜN ESİN DAL 18 DD
HÜSNÜ ÇAĞRI DALGIÇ 41 BA
MEYMUNE NUR DAVUTOĞLU 37 CB
SAFİYE DAYAN 28 DC
ÖZNUR DEDELER 14 F
KAREN DELEON NP
RAMAZAN CEMİL DEPÇE 33 CB
EBRU DİKMAN 15 F
MERAL EBRU DİKMEN 27 CC
MURAT DİKMEN NP
UĞUR DİNÇ 35 CB
ÖZCAN DİNLER 25 DC
AYDAN DOĞAN 34 CB
ORKUN DOĞAN 27 DC
MELİS DURAN 24 DC
YUNUS DURMAZKESER NP
BİLAL DURUKAN NP
SERDAR DURUPINAR 10 F
BAŞAK DÜNDAR 7 F
GÜLŞAH EFE 22 DC
ENGİN EFECİK 39 AA
YUSUF ONUR EKER 22 DD
NURDAN EMANET 20 DD
KORAY ERÇİN 10 F
UMUTCAN ERDİNÇ 38 BA
EGECAN ERDOĞAN 20 DD
ŞULE ERDOĞAN 19 DD
ULVİ GÜN ERDOĞDU NP
ZEHRA ERDOĞDU 23 DD
SERKAN EREBAK 16 DD
GÖKHAN ERMİŞ 20 DC
SEVİM EROL 21 DD
FULYA YÜKSEL ERSOY 29 CB
YUSUF ERSOY NP
IRMAK ERTÖR 31 BB
PINAR ERTÖR 39 AA
EGE ESEN NP
MERVE ESEN 33 CC
MUSTAFA ENES ESEN 34 CC
HALE EVRANSEL 30 CC
EYLÜL EYGİ 28 CC
MUHAMMED EMİN GENÇ NP
İSMAİL GÖKCE 17 F
GÖRKEM GÖMEÇ 19 DD
GÜNNUR ASLIHAN GÖNÇ 16 DD
HAYRİYE GÖNENLİ 31 CB
REFİK ÖZGÜR GÜÇLÜ 26 DC
SELİM EMRE GÜLERYÜZ 33 BB
TUTKU GÜLKAYA 23 CC
EGEMEN GÜLKILIK 20 DD
FATMA GÜLLÜOĞLU 23 DC
BİLAL GÜLTEKİN 28 DC
SEMA GÜN 14 DC
HANDE GÜNDOĞAN 17 DD
AHMET GÜNDOĞDU 18 DD
ÖZGE GÜNDOĞDU 37 BB
ZEYNEL CAN GÜNDOĞDU NP
SONA GÜNDÜZHEV 20 DD
ARMAĞAN GÜNER 14 DD
KADİR GÜRAY GÜNER 28 CC
BUKET GÜNEY 15 DC
ONURAY GÜNEY 21 DC
İREM GÜNHAN NP
İBRAHİM HAKKI GÜNTAY 22 CC
GÖZDE GÜRAN 37 BB
İSMAİL SEMİH GÜRATAN 31 BB
M. SELENGA GÜRMEN 39 BA
GÖZDE GÜZÜNLER 18 DC
KUTLU KAAN HALİLOĞLU 23 DD
ONUR CÜNEYT HALİLOĞLU 23 DC
ZEYNEP İPEK HIZLIKAN 29 CC
CEREN HİÇ 27 CC
SEVERİN HÖRMANN 29 CC
NİL İPEK HÜLAGÜ 12 DD
NİLAY IĞDIR 28 DD
ATALAY IŞIK 24 CC
FERHAT IŞIK 27 CC
EKREM ALPEREN İLBAŞ 23 DD
İDİL İLHANLI 32 BB
HALİL İNCE 17 F
MURAT İSTAY NP
GAZİ KABAŞ 26 DC
ASLI KADİFECİ 8 F
ALİ CAN KAHYA 22 DD
ZİLAN KAKİ 24 F
BESTE KALENDER 37 BB
SERKAN KANCA 18 F
FATMA SENEM KARA 20 F
AZİZE KARAALİOĞLU 22 DC
BERNES KARAÇAY 11 DD
ABDULKADİR KARAGÖZ 21 DC
YALÇIN KARAGÖZ 24 DD
HANDAN KARAKAŞ 31 CB
YAĞMUR KARAKAYA 43 BA
SİBEL KARAMARAŞ 29 CB
ESEN KARAN 25 CC
SELİM KARLITEKİN 37 BA
SİNAN KARŞIYAKA 21 DD
ÇINAR KAYA 21 DC
EMİNE KAYA 32 CC
HİKMET KAYA 29 DC
ILGIN KAYA 16 DD
MUSTAFA KAYA 29 CC
PINAR KAYA 20 DD
SEMRA KAYA 19 DD
KIVANÇ KAYADENİZ 4 F
DENİZ KESER 15 F
HATİCE EMRAH KESİMLER 18 F
SENA KILIÇ 31 CB
BURÇAK KILIÇOĞLU 28 CC
BERKE KIRIKKANAT 27 CC
RABİA İMRA KIRLI 34 BB
HEDİYE KIZIL 36 BB
NUR KIZILTAN 36 BB
EMİNE SENA KİŞİ 33 CB
TUĞBA KOCAEFE 25 DC
FATİH KOÇ 2 F
NURCAN KOÇ 9 F
AYŞE KOÇAK 27 CC
ELİF KORTAN 22 DC
FATMA KÖMÜRCÜ 31 CC
FERHAT KÖSE 26 DD
HAKAN KÖSE 24 DC
KÜBRA KÖSE 23 DD
EBRU GİZEM KÖSEOĞLU 21 DC
GÖZDE KUL 26 CC
BAHADIR KULA NP
ŞULE KULU 23 DC
ALİ KURT 23 DD
HÜSEYİN KURT 19 DD
ZEHRA KURT 39 BA
MEHMET KURTOĞLU 21 DC
ALİ KUTLUCA 10 F
CAN KUYUMCUOĞLU 29 CC
BARAN KÜÇÜK 17 F
IŞILAY MERİÇ KÜÇÜK 28 DC
GÜLPER KÜÇÜKKÖMÜRCÜ 34 BA
DORUK KÜÇÜKSARAÇ 34 CB
MEHMET ZEKİ KÜPELİ 37 CC
DUYGU LALOĞLU 27 CC
KEREM LAMA NP
JOSEPH LEE 26 CC
ERSİN MADEN 14 F
ESRA MADEN 30 DC
SEVNUR MALİK 31 CC
BONDO MESKHI 29 DC
ALPER METE 11 F
ATAKAN METE 34 BA
GÜL ECE MİNVER 27 DC
AVNİ BERK NALÇACIOĞLU 26 DD
NESLİHAN NAZLIGÜL 34 CB
PELİN NTOGANTZALI 16 F
HACER OCAK 6 F
MELTEM ODABAŞ 24 DC
MEHMET SİNAN OĞAN NP
ELİF OĞUZ 16 F
MERVE OĞUZHAN 25 CC
GÖZDE OKÇU 12 F
ŞÜKRAN OKUR 25 DC
ÜLKER MERVE ONAY 35 CB
ÖZGE ONGUN 33 CB
CANKUT ORAKÇAL 33 BB
ZEHRA ORMAN 22 CC
SİNAN ORUÇ 31 CC
ÖMER OY 18 DD
TUĞBA ÖCEK NP
HALUK ÖKSÜZGÖNÜL 27 CC
CEMAL ÖMEROĞLU NP
CEM ÖNDER 22 DC
SEZİN ÖNER 35 BB
YELİZ ÖZ 27 CC
DAMLA ÖZAKAY 23 CC
MUSTAFA SELÇUK ÖZAYDIN 18 F
TANER ÖZBEK 4 F
SÜLEYMAN KUTALMIŞ ÖZCAN 21 DD
MELİSA ÖZÇAKIR NP
MERİÇ ÖZÇELİK 27 CC
BERK ÖZDEMİR 23 DC
DİDEM DERYA ÖZDEMİR 38 CB
HATİCE ÖZDEMİR 19 DD
ÖZGE ÖZDEMİR 23 CC
CAN ÖZDEN 25 CB
ŞİRVAN ÖZER 28 CC
TUNÇ KAYA ÖZKAN 26 CC
DİLARA ÖZKAYALAR 20 DD
DERYA ÖZKAYNAK 19 DD
SEYFULLAH HALİD ÖZKURT NP
PINAR ÖZMEN 28 CC
GONCA ÖZSARAN 27 CC
AYŞEGÜL ÖZSOY 25 CC
DEVLET DUYGU ÖZSOY 9 F
ŞEYDA ÖZSOY NP
BUKET ÖZTEKİN 25 CC
OĞUZ ÖZTUNALI 41 BB
BEHİRE SEVİNÇ ÖZTÜRK 16 DD
HATİCE SÜMEYRA ÖZTÜRK 17 DD
MUSTAFA ALPER ÖZTÜRK 29 DD
ÖZGÜR ÖZTÜRK 3 F
MÜGE ÖZVAROL 3 F
YASEMİN FATMA ÖZYİĞİT NP
EMRE ÖZYURT NP
ŞENİZ PAMUK NP
ŞAHİKA PAŞOLAR 27 CC
ESRA PEHLEVAN 32 DC
BETÜL PEKKANLI NP
ELİF PEKMEZCİOĞLU 22 DD
GÖKÇE PİROĞLU 24 CC
ABDULLAH BURAK POLAT 26 DC
TÜLİN POLAZ NP
HANDE REÇBER (ÇAKIR) 18 F
ZEYNEP REKKALI 18 DD
AYŞEGÜL RONABAR 28 CC
AHU SAHA NP
ATIL SAMANCIOĞLU 27 DC
DERYA SANCAKLI 32 BA
DİLEK SANDIK 31 CB
TUBA SARDAR 35 CB
BETÜL SATIK 27 DD
EDA SAYALI 25 DC
KUTADGU FIRAT SAYIN 30 CC
ORÇUN SELÇUK 34 CB
HARUN SERT NP
SEYİT ARDA SERT 18 F
EMREHAN SEYHAN 13 DD
BİLİNÇ SEZGİN 31 DC
ÜMİT SİPAHİOĞLU 13 DD
İREM SOMER 21 DC
MUSTAFA SEZER SOYSAL 14 F
ÖZGE SOYUER 15 DD
PINAR SÖZER 24 DC
SEMA SÖZER 21 DD
MUHAMMET FARUK SUBAŞI 9 F
ÖVGÜ SÜZEN 23 CC
SERCAN ŞAFAK NP
ELVAN ŞAHİN 33 CB
MURAT ŞAHİN 32 CC
SELAHADDİN ŞAHİN 25 CC
ECE ŞAKARER 22 DC
İREM ŞANCI 22 DD
IŞIN ŞANLI 33 CC
EMİNE ŞEKER 21 DD
ESMA GÜL ŞENER 24 DD
CEREN ŞENGÜL 26 DC
EVREN ŞENGÜL 11 F
NİL ŞENVER 42 AA
SU ŞİMŞEK 11 DD
MUHAMMED TAHA ŞİRİN NP
ÖZKAN ŞİRİN 21 DC
NEJAT ŞİŞMANOĞLU NP
TUĞÇE TABAK 23 CC
UĞUR TAHMAZ 22 DD
NERGİZ TANHAN 32 CB
ÖZGE TANRINIAN 27 CC
BİLAL TANYERİ NP
FIRAT TARAKCI 22 CC
AHMET TAŞCI NP
ÖZGE TAŞDEMİR NP
MEHMET FATİH TATARİ 34 BB
GÖZDE TEKAY NP
HAKAN TEKELİ 26 CC
ÇİĞDEM TEKŞEN 32 CC
MERVE TETEY 27 DC
DİLAN TETİK 22 DC
GÖKHAN TOK 29 DC
HAKAN TOPÇU 13 DD
NİHAN TOPRAKKIRAN 31 CC
PERİHAN SENA TORAMAN 21 DD
TREYSİ TOVİM 22 DC
BILIAL TSILIGKIR NP
YASEMİN BERRAK TUNA 35 CC
CİHAN TUNCER 21 CC
SAMET TUNCER 14 DD
MERVE TUNCİ 23 DC
HAKAN TUNÇ 18 DD
MEHMET NECİP TUNÇ NP
MİNE TÜFEKÇİ 23 DD
MÜGE TÜFEKÇİ 16 F
KANER ATAKAN TÜRKER 22 DC
GÜLSUN TÜRKMENOĞULLARI 26 CC
HANİFE UĞUR 22 DC
NURAY UĞUR 16 DD
SEÇKİN ULUSKAN 23 DC
FATMA CANSU USAK 20 DD
ALP CAN UTKU 18 DD
MERVE UVUT 17 F
DİDEM UYGUN 36 CB
DUYGU UYGUN NP
SELEHATTİN UYSAL 24 F
AHMET UZUN 37 BA
MERVE UZUN 10 F
ONUR UZUN 24 DD
FİLİZ UZUNYAYLA NP
CEREN ÜLKÜ NP
YAVUZ ÜNAL 30 CC
BERK VARDAR 15 DD
FATMA CANSU VAROL NP
GİZEM VURAL 22 DD
AMY JOY WAKITSCH 23 DC
MELTEM YABACI 16 DD
SAMET YALÇIN 22 DC
YALÇIN YALINKILIÇ 26 CC
MÜGE YAMANYILMAZ 22 DC
ŞEBNEM YAPARELLER NP
ONUR YARDIMCI NP
GÜNSELİ YARKIN 22 DC
FARUK YAŞAR NP
RUŞEN YAŞAR 24 DC
ZEYNEP YAŞAR NP
MELİKE YAVUZ 32 CB
MESUT MALİK YAVUZ 32 CB
ÇAĞRI YAZI 33 BB
KÜBRA YENİ 31 CB
SERAP YILDIRIM 14 F
ELİF YILDIZ NP
GÖKHAN YILDIZ 27 CC
TEVHİD YILDIZ NP
BURAK YILMAZ NP
CEMİLE NAZ YILMAZ 18 F
MELİKE YILMAZ NP
MERVE YILMAZ 33 CB
YASEMİN YILMAZ NP
HALİL İBRAHİM YÖNLÜER NP
TUĞBA YUMAKLI 27 CB
MERVE YUMUŞAK 27 DC
AYTAÇ YURDAKURBAN 23 DD
ELİF YURTOĞLU 23 DD
SALİM YÜKSEKOL 21 DC
EKREM YÜKSEL 25 CC
SEVDE ZEYNEP YÜZER 15 DD
DERYA NEVRUZ ZENGİN NP
ECE ZERMAN 19 DC
ŞEHİTNUR ZÜLFİKAR 28 CC

Final Exam Places / June 2, 15:00

TB 310 ACAR-BELBER

TB 260 BERBEROĞLU-ÇAPAR

TB 240 ÇAR-DİKMEN

M 1100 DİNÇ-HALİLOĞLU

PARK 1 HIZLIKAN-ONAY

GYM ONGUN- TANHAN

PARK 2 TANRINIAN-ZÜLFİKAR

Outline of the April 25th Lecture / E. Eldem

"The Triumphant Bourgeoisie"

Important points to remember:

— The bourgeoisie is certainly triumphant in the nineteenth century, and probably still is to this day.
— The term has enormously changed throughout time, from town dweller (burgher) in the Middle Ages to a socio-economic class in the nineteenth century.
— It is worth noting that it has generally come with a negative connotation: not being noble under the ancient régime; taking part in the economic exploitation of the working class and representing political conservatism in modern times.
— Hardly presented as an ideal: in ancient régime France, the bourgeois are aspiring for noble status, rather than for bourgeois power (Molière’s Le bourgeois gentilhomme (The Bourgeois Gentleman).
— The French Revolution finally empowers them, in the name of the people. It is the beginning of a new era that will be marked by the rise of bourgeois power as an opposition to aristocratic elites.
— The revolutionary role played by the bourgeoisie continues well into the 1830s, with this group leading most of the popular movements against the establishment.
— Gradually, however, as they acquire more power and become the establishment, the bourgeois will start moving on the conservative side and become defenders of the status quo.
— Their power increases even more thanks to the combined effects of the Industrial Revolution in which they play a predominant role and of the rise of the ‘new’ professions, in education, law, medicine, engineering…
— The growing power of the bourgeoisie brings with it the rise of a new culture, based on moral values, taste, beliefs, behavior directly influenced by the bourgeoisie. Ideologically speaking, the bourgeoisie in the nineteenth century is generally identified with political conservatism, the defense of capitalist policies, and economic liberalism.
— Much of bourgeois culture is inspired from an old desire to emulate (imitate) the nobility in terms of consumption and display of wealth, often resulting in a showiness that can develop into outright kitsch.
— At the same time, however, it wishes to adopt moral values often supposed to be absent from the nobility. Family values, intimacy, moral righteousness, religious fervor are typical examples of such concerns.
— Interestingly, bourgeois power in the nineteenth century is such that the bourgeois cultural and moral model will have to be taken up by the other classes, from the very top (Queen Victoria) to the very bottom (aspiring working class).
— Bourgeois culture also freezes gender roles by assigning public/active domains to men and domestic/passive concerns to women, much in the way they will remain to this day.
— The bourgeoisie is also keen on exporting and imposing its values on other classes, most notably the lower classes. The same is true of its treatment of marginal groups (the poor, the mentally ill, the criminal), against whom repressive and punitive measures will be undertaken (hardworking and subdued subalterns, respectful and deserving poor, repenting and reformed criminals…)
— Most of these traits appear in the cultural and educational artifacts of the time. Photography, a new technology, makes it possible to capture the dignity, discipline, austerity, affluence, or love within the family, sometimes even including deceased family members…
— Children’s books reproduce these values by illustrating stories and situations that serve as an example to the young readers who are exposed to this material.

Outline of the April 20th Lecture / E. Eldem

"Society Transformed: Peasants, Workers, Consumers, and Capitalists"

Important points to remember:

— The nineteenth century introduces a number of radical changes as a consequence of the French Revolution and the ongoing Industrial Revolution.
— This is the end of the ancient régime, in political, social, and economic terms, and the beginning of a new era that prefigures modernity as we know it.
— Ancien régime society is overwhelmingly agrarian: the peasantry constitutes the great majority of the population. This is the least productive and most fragile sector of all, where productivity is extremely limited, and which functions at barely survival level.
— The urban masses are not better off; they suffer from job insecurity, harsh working conditions, and from the collapse of the guild system.
— The bourgeoisie, still undefined, and consisting of an elite of well-off traders and professionals is the rising power of the times, very active in the political movements that lead to the French Revolution and in the economic sectors that will realize the Industrial Revolution.
— The French Revolution brings them to power for the first time. The revolution is not really about the masses, but rather about a transformation of the elite and a transfer of power from the privileged estates to the economically and professionally powerful elites.
— The Industrial Revolution confirms this transformation, empowering the entrepreneurs who are able to catch up with this boom. The spreading of industry and especially of the factory system also transforms the lower classes, incorporating part of the agrarian and urban masses into the new order.
— This is a working class in the making, but it will take some time until the workers are able to associate, form unions, and become a significant political force. For decades, they will have to adapt to the harsh and competitive working conditions that characterize the system, from child labor to the overexploitation of female workers.
— The Industrial Revolution completely changes the material culture of the time, introducing cheaper and more resistant materials, durable consumer goods, a wide variety of new services, such as railroad and steamship transportation.
— Most dramatically, the Industrial Revolution will be able to gradually invert the relationship between production and demand. Until then, production depended on a modest and irregular demand. Now, production is going to be able to create its own demand, the beginning of consumerism as we know it.
— The political climate of the early nineteenth century is geared towards conservatism. As a result, until the 1830s, the liberal and more radical political actors join forces against the reactionary and conservative establishment.
— However, 1848 (the Springtime of Peoples) constitutes a major breaking point, as the bourgeoisie, more or less victorious since the revolutions of 1830, shifts its allegiance from opposition to conservatism, from revolution to status quo.
— The maturation of the Industrial Revolution by the mid-nineteenth century further confirms bourgeois power. Even the lower classes fall for the attraction of the cult of progress, of falling prices, and rising wages.
— The urban environment is revolutionized by these changes. The cities are transformed by urbanization: wide boulevards, apartment houses, department stores, theaters, cafés, hotels, street lighting, urban transports cater to the needs of a growing population of upper- and lower-middle-class urban dwellers.
— Even the peasantry, gradually marginalized by the growing industrial and service sectors, is transformed by an increasing mechanization and commercialization of agriculture.
— Finally, not to be forgotten, the cultural and ideological transformations of society during the period. The rise of bourgeois culture and the adoption of most of its values by the majority of the population is one of the most striking phenomena in this respect.
— More importantly, however, mass education, conducted as a means of “civilizing the masses” and turning them into citizens is probably the greatest achievement of the period, which eventually wipes out the remnants of traditional values and identities, from languages and dialects to beliefs and allegiances, sacrificed to the modernity of the nation state.

Outline of the April 13th Lecture / E. Eldem

"Latecomers: Bismarck and Garibaldi"

Important points to remember:

— The power of nationalism as the dominant ideology for the nineteenth and twentieth centuries;
— The origins of ‘political’ or ‘French’ nationalism in the French Revolution: an ideology based on the concept of citizenship and participation in the res publica, and of a voluntarist perception of becoming a member of the nation through civic rights and duties;
— The alternative form of nationalism defined as ‘German’ or ‘cultural’ nationalism, whereby the nation is defined in terms of ‘objective,’ cultural, or historical criteria: language, race, ethnic origin, common history, culture, blood, lineage…
— The realization that none of these two models exist in ‘pure’ form, a typical example being Turkish nationalism, which is heavily inspired by the French tradition (Ne mutlu Türküm diyene…), but eventually shows a greater propensity to resort to ‘German’ criteria of definition;
— Nationalism in its ‘French’ version, inspired by the French Revolution, tends to be a ‘progressive’ force until the mid-nineteenth century, meaning that it is mostly associated with liberal ideology, as represented mainly by the bourgeoisie and the lower middle classes.
— Importance of Rousseau and Romanticism in the formation of nationalist ideology. The Enlightenment thinkers were more concerned with the individual; Rousseau brings forth the notion of the sovereign will, to which individual interest can be sacrificed.
— 1848 (the Springtime of Peoples) a major breaking point in the ideological outlook of Europe. Until then most revolutions (1789, 1830) are led by the bourgeoisie; however, in 1848 a split occurs within the revolutionary elites, as the bourgeoisie opts for the preservation of the status quo, while the radicals and the rising working class continue to oppose the system.
— This shift in alliances is also felt at an ideological level: nationalism, until then the ideology of change, is gradually co-opted by the state itself and becomes an element of conservative and even repressive policy.
— A typical example is the way in which Napoleon III builds his political power on the idea of material progress and state-sponsored nationalism, transforming the Republic (1848) into an Empire (1852) through a combination of populism and political repression.
— German nationalism as a political project will develop only in the second half of the century. Initially it is mostly limited to intellectual and romantic constructs (Fichte, Hegel…) based on language, folklore, art, and culture.
— There are many obstacles to the formation of a German state, most notably a fragmented political landscape with two powers competing for leadership: Austria and Prussia.
— Bismarck will be the first to move from abstraction to reality by promoting Prussia as the leader of a future German nation. To do so, he first eliminates Austria from the race, creating a conflict in which Austria is defeated (1866), then, leading a victorious campaign against France (1870).
— The German Reich (Empire) is thus constituted in 1871 and comprises all German states, except Austria. It soon becomes one of the Great Powers of the time, engaging in the race for colonies and contributing to the rising tension that would eventually lead to World War I.
— Italian unification (Risorgimento) followed a somewhat similar path, starting with romantic revolutionism, best illustrated by the role played by the poet Giuseppe Mazzini, and underground revolutionary movements (the Carbonari). After 1848, the movement gains momentum, especially under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was able to ‘conquer’ most of Italy. However, Garibaldi ends up entrusting the final mission of unification to Vittorio Emanuele, King of Piedmont and Sardinia, who thus becomes the first king of a unified Italy in 1861.

Outline of the April 27th Lecture / A. Ersoy

Imperialism and Colonialism

Imperialism: Vast modern and unprecedented system of exploitation, control and domination.

Colonialism (almost always a consequence of imperialism): implanting settlements on distant territories in an endeavor to domesticate, transform and reorder ruled societies.

Modern imperialism vs traditional “empire building”:

Old empires, usually tribute collecting entities, determined by ideologies of universal kingship, religion, and moved by motives such as territorial expansion, glory, plunder and conversion.
Imperialism begins with the emergence of modern global economy, and involves a new scale and conception of control and penetration (economical, political, cultural) – a power and influence that transcends the formal boundaries of the empire itself.

First phase of imperialism (Late 18th century to 1870s), the “entrepreneurial stage” – primary mover: private companies (ex: British East India Co.) – Britain emerges victorious with its superior capacity of financial management. Imperialist agenda shaped by the cherished ideal of “global free trade” – with a moral halo attached to the mission of “forcing open” world markets for a peaceful future. First stage of globalization achieved: the world becomes a vast hinterland reshaped by the particular needs and interests of Europe.

Second phase of imperialism (1870s to World War I), “New Imperialism” – Burgeoning trend, and brutal rivalry, among European powers for imperialist expansion and acquiring colonies (“the scramble for Africa”).

Determining factors behind the rise of New Imperialist rivalries:

i) Economical: unprecedented scale and aggressiveness of commercial enterprises – the age of “big business,” cartels and trusts. The advent of mass consumption and rising demands of spreading industrialism and the affluent society.
ii) Political: Competing nationalisms – imperialism as a hand-maiden of nation states (also challenged by nationalist resistance movements in the colonies). The age of mass politics and propaganda – the empire as ideological cement, promoting national prestige and boosting self-pride (“social imperialism”)
iii) Cultural: Common cultural atmosphere justifying and instigating imperialist expansion - informed by grand narratives of progress and superiority. The imperialist fantasy of the “civilizing mission” (Rudyard Kipling’s The White Man’s Burden)

Inherent “vulnerability” of empires and their global establishment: the inevitable presence “within” of the so called “inferior races,” (the Parisian suburbs) and the emergence of new and hybrid forms of knowledge (sub- and counter-cultures) – the post-colonial condition.

Outline of the April 18th Lecture / A. Ersoy

The Cult of Progress

“Progress” as a historically constituted, modern construct – A legacy of the Enlightenment informing modern conceptions of time (as continuous, linear, open-ended and directional development / as forward movement and improvement).

Advent of modern consciousness 18th and 19th centuries – profound reversal in the hierarchy of time – the future (rather than the past as tradition) becoming the center of authority and legitimation

Firm belief in the virtues of the future informed by an acute sense of change and rupture with the past (as organic continuities are irreversably severed with the rising prestige of secularized, rational knowledge)

Drastic change in the status and significance of Man – his traditional primacy as the center (and purpose) of the universe annihilated by a cold, impersonal Newtonian universe governed by overpowering cosmic forces – Man reduced to being a species.

Alternative models and strategies of thought that attempted to endow history with a new sense of purpose, continuity and directionality – now attuned to the premises of secularized knowledge. This new and secular vision of historical purpose and continuity is hinged upon the very idea of progress.

A new teleology emerged (a purposeful movement towards a predestined end): what moves and animates history is man himself (rather than a divine plan and authority). With his superior capacity of rational knowledge and reason, man takes destiny in his hands, and transforms the world around him towards greater perfection, towards a better and more sophisticated future. The modern narrative of progress becomes almost a secular religion or a cult; a grand explanatory model for every possible action and event.

By the nineteenth century, firmly entrenched as a concept, progress engendered diverse models and narratives of change: Friedrich Hegel’s (1770-1831) “historical philosophy” – Historical change as the story of the fulfillment of the “spiritual aim,” which is “complete freedom.”

Hegel’s three stages of the progressive unfolding of the spirit (based on the level of freedom achieved): The “Ancient world,” (which also encompasses the contemporary Orient) where only the tyrants are free, the “Medieval world,” where only a few (the nobility) enjoy freedom, and the “modern order,” where everybody enjoys freedom, made possible within what Hegel considers to be the most sophisticated form of social and political organization: the nation state.

The lasting legacy of Hegel’s theory: progress realized with the “dialectic movement of opposites,” where “conflict,” lies at the very center of change and improvement. Here, every force is coupled by its opposition, and every “thesis” at any point is matched by an “antithesis,” the clash of the thesis and the antithesis resolved by a stage of “synthesis.” History regarded as an open ended process of continuous “becoming,” a gradual, synthetic movement towards more articulate ideas and formulations that shape and animate the world.

Hegelian determinism and dialectics constitutes a lasting contribution to human thought, informing many theories of change, as well as agendas of national, political progress, emancipation and superiority: Marxist vision of history, the positivistic philosophy of A. Comte (1798-1857), who, like Hegel, proposed a three-stage model of historical progress that culminated with the “positive stage of thought”.

In the area of natural sciences, it was the idea of progress that made possible the emergence of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection. Following the publication of the Origin of the Species in 1859, Darwin’s views on evolution, natural selection, and “the survival of the fittest” were taken out of context by policy makers (for instance in the colonies) and appropriated into myriad theories of “social Darwinism.”

In all, the modern vision of time, based on the idea of progress (with its open ended, anti-establishment drive favoring open-ended, forward movement), carried a critical and emancipatory potential, and had imprints on many “progressive” movements throughout the modern era, such as the French Revolution, the civil rights and feminist movements or anti-colonialism.

Yet, it was also the “grand narratives of progress” (and their accompanying social projects) that harnessed utterly catastrophic, oppressive or violent results for the world (ecological disasters) and humanity (the idea of total war, the Holocaust).

Outline of the May 18th Lecture / V. Kechriotis

Nations and Nationalism

Two kinds of nationalism
- Hans Kohn, The idea of nationalism, 1944
- western/eastern, civic/ethnic, territorial/racial, citizen/ people,
present/past, politics/culture, French/ German, ius solis/, ius sanguinis.
- French revolution, nation in arms.
- German resistance against Napoleonic invasion.

Reflecting on nationalism
- 1848 uprisings-The defeat of liberal nationalism.
- Marx-Engels: division between historic and non-historic nations.
- Objective criteria of nation-formation, population, territory, market for the development of labor force.
- The small nations should be eliminated for the sake of progress and revolution.

Nationalism turns conservative
- The state monopolised national narrative: state sponsored nationalism
- Belated nationalisms: Italian Unification (Risorgimento) – 1861, German Unification 1871, (Bismarck)
- Liberalism supported by powerful bourgeoisie leads to pariamentary democracy (England).
- Absence of an autonoums bourgeoise leads to authoritarianism (Germany).

Different Approaches to nationalism
- Jules Michelet, 1867, History of the French Revolution
- He reaffirms the nation as a fraternity between equals (J.J.Rouseau).
- Patriotism becomes a new religion and the progressive force of European history.
- After the French-German war in 1870, Ernest Renan, 1882, What is a Nation?
- Nation as voluntary historical solidarity is opposed to the organic ethno-linguistic unity,
- Social and phsycological features, the shared experiences and common memories.
- Lord Acton, 1862, Nationality.
- He defends the English concept of liberal nationality and rejects the French concept of racial collective nationality.
- Multinational Empires are superior to nations. Nation is the product of state absolutism.
- Maurice Barrès. Action Française, 1898, royalist movement founded after the Dreyfus affair & revitilization of left-wing criticism launched by Emile Zola’s ‘J’accuse’ (I accuse).
- Nation as an organic entity of blood and soil.
- Max Weber, 1914, Economy and Society, the nations are conflict groups and bearers of unique cultural values which are superior exactly because they are unique.
- State and nation need each other, only political action can transform an ethnic community to a nation.

National movements in the Balkans
- 1804/ 1815 Serbian uprising – 1830 autonomy.
- 1821 Greek uprising – 1830 independence.
- 1859 Unification of Wallachia and Moldavia principalities into Romania.
- 1870 Bulgarian Exarchate.
- 1878 Berlin Conference (Independent Serbia/Romania/Montenegro, Autonomous Bulgaria)
- Eastern Question and the balance of powers.
- Local elites disenchanted from their exclusion from the Ottoman administration.
- From intermediaries they turn to national leaders.
- Intensive interaction with European educational and commercial network.
-Western Imperialism.

Characteristics of the Balkan states
- Secular nationalism is replaced by national religion (millet system)
- Agrarian societies, minimal urbanization, no industry.
- Should modernization be western oriented or respond to the needs of the peasantry?
- Nation building: urban elites use mechanisms such as education, military, judiciary in order to integrate the peasantry to the nation.
- Irredentism, (claim of territory outside the boundaries of the state on the grounds that this populations belong to our nation) might consume resources but it galvanizes national consciousness by providing a vision for the future (Great Idea).
- Revolutionaries vs evolutionists (Independence vs Dualism).
- Masses in to politics, from romantic reference to the past to modern vision for the future.
- Dynamism, energy, masculinity, survival of the most powerful.
- Middle classes claim their participation and nationalism will provide them with the means to achieve this participation.

Turn of the Century Culmination of Nationalism
- Macedonian Struggle (Greek, Serbian, Bulgarian. Macedonian nationalism)
- Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organisation (IMRO).
- Macedonian Committee in Sofia and in Athens
- Iliden uprising, 1903 and Murzsteg Reforms.
- Young Turk movement.
- Balkan Wars 1912-1913.

Uprising against the Old Regime
- Constitutional and other movements- Iran 1905-1911, Russia 1905, Greece, 1909
- Young Turks Ittihat ve Terakki Cemiyeti (Committee of Union and Progress, CUP).
- 23 July 1908, the constitution is restored.
- Integrity of the Empire, subjects into citizens, removal of ethnoeligious privileges, liberalism, positivism, equality (müsavat), fraternity (uhuvvet), freedom (hürriyet) and justice (adalet).
- Balkan Wars: The proclamation of the Balkan nations against the Empire will be based on religion whereas the Empire will invite the citizens to fight for the Constitutional Motherland.
- The terns have been reversed.

Outline of the May 14th Lecture / L. Mazzari

Resistance and Revolution in Latin America:
The Haitian Revolution, Bolivar, Liberalism, and Constitutionalism


The Atlantic World: 1776 to 1830

Europe in 1800: “A weak Spain, an aggressive France,
and a watchful Britain”

France and Haiti: The World’s First Black Republic

Spain’s Crisis of Empire: The Bolivarian Revolution

Britain and the U.S.: The Monroe Doctrine

The U.S. and Latin America: “Enlightenment comes from
them”

Today’s Bolivar: Hugo Chavez

Chavez and Bush

Outline of the May 7th and 16th Lectures / S. Esenbel

Meiji Modernity and Asian Empire

Asian Revolutions


Meiji Japan as an example of how to modernize as a modern empire (not a nation state) with a nation state core and colonial possessions as the really common experience of 19th century and even twentieth century major power players of the West as well as Japan. Point is that it is a distortion to think modern capitalism/industry/modernist social educational revolutions are based on the nation state frame alone.

Japanese Industrial Revolution 1868-1920 first phase is the model that Asian countries are following to this day. i. e. state/government business collaboration, corporate structures of production, cheap labor, export consumer industries for world markets. Japan did in the 20s and 30s what China is doing now with 60s technology of Japanese firms transplanted to China. Korea and Singapore are using 70s and 80s electronic industries of Japan.

Late Modernizers

Japan, China, India

Weak state model for modernization and revolution
China example
Decentralized regional modern reforms by
local power elites: bureaucrats, warlords,
generals
Political Disunity 1912-1949
Nationalist Republic of China, Chinese Communist Party
Soviets, Warlords

Conclusion: Even if there is political disunity social and economic processes continue as
the background of the Peoples Republic of China and today's China

Colonial Model

India

India's entry to capitalistic economic production/integration to European type modern state structures of centralized administration, education, etc. result partly of the British colonial experience. Hence, while colonialism is politically an unequal experience as native elites are subject to the authority of an alien elite, from a social and economic perspective modernism's entry starts via the filtering "distortions" of colonialism.

Outline of the May 9th Lecture / Y. Terzibaşoğlu

19th-Century Ottoman Transformation

1) Re-ordering of state structures

2) The 'national question'

3) International state system of the 19th century

--

- Transformation, not 'decline'

- Transformation towards a 'modern state'

--

Centralisation in administration

what did early modern states do (indirect rule)
what modern states do (direct rule, state-citizen)

Information on subjects (statistics)

Equality before the law (notion of citizenship, concept of common Ottoman nationality)

New concepts of political authority, of government, and of law

Subordination of religion to state and politics

Emergence of 'public law'

Ottoman Civil Code (Mecelle)

Rise of secterianism

Inter-communal relations (communities, not 'minorities')

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT

1) SECOND REMINDER FOR MID-TERM MAKE-UP EXAM:

AS PER PREVIOUS ANNOUNCEMENT, MAKE-UP EXAM FOR HIST 106 WILL BE ON 9 MAY WEDNESDAY AT 17.00 HOURS. IT IS OPEN ONLY TO STUDENTS WHO HAVE ALREADY SUBMITTED VALID MEDICAL REPORTS FOR THE DATE OF THE MID-TERM EXAM.

2) EXAM PAPERS: (Dates have been changed!!!)

STUDENTS WHO WISH TO SEE THEIR EXAM PAPERS MAY DO SO BETWEEN 14:00– 17:00 HOURS ON 8 MAY AND 15 MAY TUESDAYS AT THE OFFICE OF THE TEACHING ASSISTANTS.

Midterm Exam Results

Student ID Name Surname Midterm (OVER 45)

2005101564 CİHAD ACAR 15
2006100478 EMRE ACIKARAOĞLU 24
2005102407 SELÇUK AÇIKALIN 15
2005101537 ALİ AÇIKGÖZ 27
2006102116 NÜKHET AGAR 27
2003103427 KORAY AĞDEMİR 7
2005101180 ASLI NİLGÜN AKALIN 33
2005103580 MURAT ORKUN AKAN 20
2006101114 UMUR AKANSEL 27
2005100019 MERVE AKDEMİR 30
2005103820 SEDA AKDEMİR 27
2005104108 GURBET AKDOĞAN 26
2005102851 OĞUZ AKKAYA 22
2005100463 ÖZGE AKKAYA 29
2005104036 GİZEM AKSU 34
2005101147 AYŞE AKTAŞ 23
2005101744 MEHMET İLKER AKTAŞ 22
2005103046 HAKAN AKÜZÜM 22
2005104711 GÜLDEN AKYILDIZ 7
2005103652 KANBER AKYÖN 25
2006103100 DENİZ AKYURT 36
2005101909 FEYZİ ALAETTİNOĞLU 19
2005102077 İNAN ALAKUŞ 15
2006104387 CUMHUR EGE ALİKADIOĞLU 10
2006000106 ZARİFA ALİKPEROVA 23
2004101333 ÖZLEM ALKAP 20
2004101549 SEVİLAY ALKILIÇ 25
2005100484 LEVENT ALLOVİ 39
2005103202 KEREM ALPASLAN 30
2005101228 ZEYNEP ALPAY 13
2005102725 BURCU ALSAN 16
2005100454 SAİD ALTINIŞIK 20
2003000215 MUHAMMET ALTINKAYA
2005103685 BİRCE ALTIOK 40
2006100331 MAKBULE EDA ANLAMLIER 26
2005102761 BATUHAN APAYDIN 16
2006103385 İPEK APAYDIN 33
2004103070 NEDA ARAFAT 5
2006300019 TÜLİN ARAZ
2005103958 SERAP ARIK 26
2005102395 GÜLFEM ARSLAN 8
2005100793 HAYRİ ALPER ARSLAN 28
2005104621 MEHMET MİRAÇ ARSLAN 22
2006105065 SERDAR ARSLAN 25
2005100085 SUZAN ARSLAN 24
2005103118 ASLI ASAR 24
2003103595 PELİN ASFUROĞLU 29
2005100919 SEDAT ASLAN 22
2006101129 PELİN AŞÇI 29
2003101849 ÖKKEŞ ATAHAN 10
2006104327 GÜLİZ ATSIZ 28
2005300287 KÜBRA AVCI 19
2006101090 SANEM SU AVCI 31
2005101540 CİHAN AYAZ 27
2005102671 HAZAN AYDIN 15
2006300337 KIVANÇ AYDIN
2004102104 MERVE AYDIN
2005103061 HÜLYA AYHAN 25
2005104747 EMREN AYTEKİN 19
2005104033 ALİ AYKUT AYYILDIZ 25
2006101861 EDA BAHAR 34
2003101390 AHMET CAN BAL
2005100088 ÇİĞDEM DAMLA BALABAN 16
2005100166 CANAN BALKAN 21
2005101708 ORHAN BALTA 28
2005103142 SONAY BAN 21
2006100988 ŞEBNEM BARAN 44
2005000109 ÖZLEM BARSGAN 20
2004100940 FATİH BAŞ 24
2005101678 GÜRKAN BAŞDOĞAN 21
2006103967 İLKER BAŞIBÜYÜK 28
2005104408 AYŞENUR BAŞTEKİN 22
2005101468 DURMUŞ ALİ BATTAL 17
2005103400 GÖZDE BAYCUR 28
2003103838 İSMAİL BAYGIN 12
2005100385 ŞEYDA BAYINDIR 11
2003101549 SİNAN BAYKUT 10
2005100721 AYÇA BAYRAK 28
2003103664 ORKAN BAYRAM 25
2004100763 HASAN BELBER
2005101855 GAMZE PELİN BERBEROĞLU 18
2005100568 CANAN BERKEM 29
2004101540 SİNAN BEYAZBULUT
2006103244 ANDAÇ BOLLUK 43
2005103466 ÇAĞRI BOYMUL 31
2005102758 FATİH BOZKURT 21
2005102809 MUHARREM BOZTEPE 23
2005103766 HAKAN BÖLÜKBAŞIOĞLU 18
2005101276 AYLA BULUT 21
2005102794 HAYRİ EMRE BÜYÜKABALI
2005102347 IŞIL BÜYÜKKAL 22
2005102500 GAMZE CAN 26
2005102695 SAFA CANALP 11
2006100475 MEHMET SÜLEYMAN CANSOY 29
2005103781 DERYA CANTUTAN 27
2005101885 HAVVA CESUR 18
2005102041 DİLEKNUR CEYLAN 27
2005104180 HALİME CİNBAT 13
2005104468 AHMET VEYSİ COŞKUN 19
2005103952 MERVE COŞKUN 33
2006103691 AYTEKİN DURMUŞ ÇABUK 32
2005104174 AYŞE ÇAĞLAYAN 36
2005102983 EMİR ÇAKAR 17
2004102374 AYLİN ÇAKI
2005101558 KEMAL FIRAT ÇAKKALKURT 8
2005100031 EZGİ ÇAKMAK 22
2005104402 GÜNSELİ ÇAKMAKCI 23
2005103376 OSMAN YUSUF ÇALIŞKAN 19
2005103997 SERDAR ÇALIŞKAN 26
2004104489 EMİNE ÇAPAR
2005104114 NAZLI ÇAPAR 25
2003102248 ELİF ÇAR 24
2005101753 YELİZ ÇAVUŞ 27
2002100307 HASAN NURHAN ÇELİK
2004102221 MEHMET OZAN ÇELİK
2006300345 ERMAN ÇETE 26
2005101669 BERİL ÇETİN 32
2005101006 TAYFUN SERHAN ÇETİNKAYA 17
2005102515 MERAL ÇİZMECİ 30
2005104375 MURAT NUR ÇOLAKOĞLU 37
2005100874 SERCAN DABANLIOĞLU 14
2005102215 ÖZGÜN ESİN DAL 17
2006103844 HÜSNÜ ÇAĞRI DALGIÇ 37
2005104249 MEYMUNE NUR DAVUTOĞLU 26
2005101822 SAFİYE DAYAN 20
2003103250 ÖZNUR DEDELER 14
2005000115 KAREN DELEON
2005100808 RAMAZAN CEMİL DEPÇE 29
2006104507 EBRU DİKMAN 11
2004101924 MERAL EBRU DİKMEN 32
2005103679 MURAT DİKMEN 7
2001100925 UĞUR DİNÇ 28
2005100880 ÖZCAN DİNLER 17
2005101399 AYDAN DOĞAN 28
2005101921 ORKUN DOĞAN 22
2005104348 MELİS DURAN 21
2005103235 YUNUS DURMAZKESER
2004101069 BİLAL DURUKAN 0
2003100169 SERDAR DURUPINAR 10
2005103784 BAŞAK DÜNDAR 10
2005102137 GÜLŞAH EFE 26
2005102953 ENGİN EFECİK 41
2004104444 YUSUF ONUR EKER 18
2005101390 NURDAN EMANET 19
2006101252 KORAY ERÇİN 16
2005104138 UMUTCAN ERDİNÇ 38
2005102713 EGECAN ERDOĞAN 13
2005101078 ŞULE ERDOĞAN 17
2005102866 ULVİ GÜN ERDOĞDU
2005102473 ZEHRA ERDOĞDU 18
2005101654 SERKAN EREBAK 21
2005101249 GÖKHAN ERMİŞ 28
2005103733 SEVİM EROL 21
2005101156 FULYA YÜKSEL ERSOY 31
2005101000 YUSUF ERSOY 17
2005100496 IRMAK ERTÖR 34
2005300091 PINAR ERTÖR 42
2004104138 EGE ESEN
2005103556 MERVE ESEN 26
2005102881 MUSTAFA ENES ESEN 25
2005104618 HALE EVRANSEL 24
2005100184 EYLÜL EYGİ 26
2001104009 MUHAMMED EMİN GENÇ
2005104660 İSMAİL GÖKCE 16
2005101834 GÖRKEM GÖMEÇ 15
2005100487 GÜNNUR ASLIHAN GÖNÇ 20
2005102326 HAYRİYE GÖNENLİ 29
2005104063 REFİK ÖZGÜR GÜÇLÜ 23
2005104684 SELİM EMRE GÜLERYÜZ 32
2005101195 TUTKU GÜLKAYA 29
2005103571 EGEMEN GÜLKILIK 17
2005100604 FATMA GÜLLÜOĞLU 23
2005102683 BİLAL GÜLTEKİN 27
2005102590 SEMA GÜN 30
2005100343 HANDE GÜNDOĞAN 24
2004100682 AHMET GÜNDOĞDU 21
2005104648 ÖZGE GÜNDOĞDU 30
2004100301 ZEYNEL CAN GÜNDOĞDU 0
2005103406 SONA GÜNDÜZHEV 19
2005101027 ARMAĞAN GÜNER 22
2005103163 KADİR GÜRAY GÜNER 25
2005101240 BUKET GÜNEY 25
2005101639 ONURAY GÜNEY 26
2005103943 İREM GÜNHAN
2004103997 İBRAHİM HAKKI GÜNTAY 31
2006100820 GÖZDE GÜRAN 33
2006200327 İSMAİL SEMİH GÜRATAN 36
2005101702 M. SELENGA GÜRMEN 40
2006102965 GÖZDE GÜZÜNLER 27
2006104156 KUTLU KAAN HALİLOĞLU 23
2005100094 ONUR CÜNEYT HALİLOĞLU 25
2006103808 ZEYNEP İPEK HIZLIKAN 26
2006100979 CEREN HİÇ 28
2006000112 SEVERİN HÖRMANN 35
2006102305 NİL İPEK HÜLAGÜ 25
2004101438 NİLAY IĞDIR 18
2005102734 ATALAY IŞIK 26
2005104150 FERHAT IŞIK 29
2005103415 EKREM ALPEREN İLBAŞ 10
2005101618 İDİL İLHANLI 37
2005100823 HALİL İNCE 12
9900223 MURAT İSTAY
2005102947 GAZİ KABAŞ 22
2005104129 ASLI KADİFECİ 13
2005101873 ALİ CAN KAHYA 13
2005100910 ZİLAN KAKİ 4
2003400301 BESTE KALENDER 29
9900442 SERKAN KANCA 11
2005104123 FATMA SENEM KARA 8
2005102389 AZİZE KARAALİOĞLU 22
2005102086 BERNES KARAÇAY 27
2005103382 ABDULKADİR KARAGÖZ 21
2005100118 YALÇIN KARAGÖZ 23
2005102104 HANDAN KARAKAŞ 32
2006105011 YAĞMUR KARAKAYA 36
2005101135 SİBEL KARAMARAŞ 31
2005104378 ESEN KARAN 29
2005104390 SELİM KARLITEKİN 36
2005104306 SİNAN KARŞIYAKA 19
2005104060 ÇINAR KAYA 25
2005103295 EMİNE KAYA 24
2005101813 HİKMET KAYA 20
2005104237 ILGIN KAYA 18
2006100562 MUSTAFA KAYA 29
2005104420 PINAR KAYA 18
2005103829 SEMRA KAYA 18
2006200330 KIVANÇ KAYADENİZ
2004101474 DENİZ KESER 18
2005102323 HATİCE EMRAH KESİMLER 12
2005100502 SENA KILIÇ 32
2006104294 BURÇAK KILIÇOĞLU 35
2005104807 BERKE KIRIKKANAT 32
2005103265 RABİA İMRA KIRLI 35
2005102620 HEDİYE KIZIL 32
2006300469 NUR KIZILTAN 35
2006100253 EMİNE SENA KİŞİ 32
2005102899 TUĞBA KOCAEFE 21
2005104399 FATİH KOÇ 9
2005102158 NURCAN KOÇ 16
2005103040 AYŞE KOÇAK 27
2005100547 ELİF KORTAN 25
2003101927 FATMA KÖMÜRCÜ 23
2005100862 FERHAT KÖSE 14
2005104777 HAKAN KÖSE 23
2005104393 KÜBRA KÖSE 19
2005104549 EBRU GİZEM KÖSEOĞLU 24
2005100565 GÖZDE KUL 30
2002104312 BAHADIR KULA
2003104243 ŞULE KULU 24
2005100265 ALİ KURT 17
2005102530 HÜSEYİN KURT 19
2005100652 ZEHRA KURT 39
2004103547 MEHMET KURTOĞLU 27
2003102944 ALİ KUTLUCA 11
2005101513 CAN KUYUMCUOĞLU 29
2005100253 BARAN KÜÇÜK 14
2005103847 IŞILAY MERİÇ KÜÇÜK 19
2006104009 GÜLPER KÜÇÜKKÖMÜRCÜ 41
2005101075 DORUK KÜÇÜKSARAÇ 32
2005100505 MEHMET ZEKİ KÜPELİ 25
2005100754 DUYGU LALOĞLU 31
2006101879 KEREM LAMA 17
2006000082 JOSEPH LEE 29
2003101807 ERSİN MADEN 10
2004103562 ESRA MADEN 19
2005103454 SEVNUR MALİK 29
2006000085 BONDO MESKHI 20
2005104651 ALPER METE 14
2006100028 ATAKAN METE 39
2005101783 GÜL ECE MİNVER 20
2006105056 AVNİ BERK NALÇACIOĞLU 13
2005101912 NESLİHAN NAZLIGÜL 27
2003200197 PELİN NTOGANTZALI 12
2005100268 HACER OCAK 10
2005102272 MELTEM ODABAŞ 18
2005102722 MEHMET SİNAN OĞAN
2006103190 ELİF OĞUZ 16
2005101804 MERVE OĞUZHAN 28
2005102860 GÖZDE OKÇU 5
2005103247 ŞÜKRAN OKUR 23
2006101894 ÜLKER MERVE ONAY 25
2005102374 ÖZGE ONGUN 29
2006101507 CANKUT ORAKÇAL 38
2005102167 ZEHRA ORMAN 30
2005100388 SİNAN ORUÇ 26
2005100070 ÖMER OY 22
2005104288 TUĞBA ÖCEK
2006101195 HALUK ÖKSÜZGÖNÜL 27
2000102413 CEMAL ÖMEROĞLU
2005101153 CEM ÖNDER 23
2006300457 SEZİN ÖNER 34
2005102296 YELİZ ÖZ 24
2005101756 DAMLA ÖZAKAY 27
2006104444 MUSTAFA SELÇUK ÖZAYDIN 11
2005104285 TANER ÖZBEK 14
2005102098 SÜLEYMAN KUTALMIŞ ÖZCAN 15
2005100139 MELİSA ÖZÇAKIR
2006103754 MERİÇ ÖZÇELİK 31
2005101132 BERK ÖZDEMİR 26
2005100733 DİDEM DERYA ÖZDEMİR 24
2005104057 HATİCE ÖZDEMİR 21
2005102365 ÖZGE ÖZDEMİR 31
2003101159 CAN ÖZDEN 39
2005102065 ŞİRVAN ÖZER 24
2006300029 TUNÇ KAYA ÖZKAN 34
2005103283 DİLARA ÖZKAYALAR 17
2005102971 DERYA ÖZKAYNAK 19
2005100655 SEYFULLAH HALİD ÖZKURT 16
2006105017 PINAR ÖZMEN 32
2006103661 GONCA ÖZSARAN 26
2006100742 AYŞEGÜL ÖZSOY 31
2005104054 DEVLET DUYGU ÖZSOY 15
2003102932 ŞEYDA ÖZSOY
2005102461 BUKET ÖZTEKİN 33
2005101828 OĞUZ ÖZTUNALI 27
2005100892 BEHİRE SEVİNÇ ÖZTÜRK 22
2005200167 HATİCE SÜMEYRA ÖZTÜRK 21
2005104201 MUSTAFA ALPER ÖZTÜRK 17
2005104363 ÖZGÜR ÖZTÜRK 14
2005100178 MÜGE ÖZVAROL 14
2005100205 YASEMİN FATMA ÖZYİĞİT 18
2005100628 EMRE ÖZYURT 16
2005104273 ŞENİZ PAMUK 19
2005102053 ŞAHİKA PAŞOLAR 26
2005100403 ESRA PEHLEVAN 19
2005101201 BETÜL PEKKANLI
2006101123 ELİF PEKMEZCİOĞLU 19
2005101420 GÖKÇE PİROĞLU 28
2005100199 ABDULLAH BURAK POLAT 23
TÜLİN POLAZ 0
2004102812 HANDE REÇBER (ÇAKIR) 9
2005102554 ZEYNEP REKKALI 16
2006103262 AYŞEGÜL RONABAR 31
2002100415 AHU SAHA 15
2005100292 ATIL SAMANCIOĞLU 25
2005101699 DERYA SANCAKLI 39
2005102830 DİLEK SANDIK 30
2004100583 TUBA SARDAR 31
2005100760 BETÜL SATIK 16
2005101063 EDA SAYALI 21
2006103112 KUTADGU FIRAT SAYIN 23
2005103259 ORÇUN SELÇUK 26
2002101714 HARUN SERT 0
2005101117 SEYİT ARDA SERT 17
2005102248 EMREHAN SEYHAN 23
2004102488 BİLİNÇ SEZGİN 19
2004101810 ÜMİT SİPAHİOĞLU 26
2005101381 İREM SOMER 23
2005102539 MUSTAFA SEZER SOYSAL 3
2005103388 ÖZGE SOYUER 18
2005100922 PINAR SÖZER 21
2005104159 SEMA SÖZER 23
2005101366 MUHAMMET FARUK SUBAŞI 10
2006103451 ÖVGÜ SÜZEN 29
2005102428 SERCAN ŞAFAK
2005100181 ELVAN ŞAHİN 32
2005103667 MURAT ŞAHİN 27
2006101282 SELAHADDİN ŞAHİN 29
2006103550 ECE ŞAKARER 27
2005100445 İREM ŞANCI 15
2005101942 IŞIN ŞANLI 23
2004100625 EMİNE ŞEKER 15
2005101495 ESMA GÜL ŞENER 14
2004102188 CEREN ŞENGÜL 22
2001101030 EVREN ŞENGÜL 7
2006100445 NİL ŞENVER 41
2006103604 SU ŞİMŞEK 27
2002102572 MUHAMMED TAHA ŞİRİN
2005103481 ÖZKAN ŞİRİN 20
2006300007 NEJAT ŞİŞMANOĞLU 0
2005104105 TUĞÇE TABAK 27
2005101546 UĞUR TAHMAZ 19
2006300341 NERGİZ TANHAN 29
2005104768 ÖZGE TANRINIAN 30
2002100184 BİLAL TANYERİ
2004100997 FIRAT TARAKCI 32
2005102431 AHMET TAŞCI 10
2005102089 ÖZGE TAŞDEMİR 24
2005103424 MEHMET FATİH TATARİ 35
2005101318 GÖZDE TEKAY
2005103487 HAKAN TEKELİ 26
2005100724 ÇİĞDEM TEKŞEN 27
2005100286 MERVE TETEY 23
2005103100 DİLAN TETİK 26
2005102911 GÖKHAN TOK 17
2005104102 HAKAN TOPÇU 19
2006103616 NİHAN TOPRAKKIRAN 30
2005101192 PERİHAN SENA TORAMAN 18
2005102593 TREYSİ TOVİM 24
2001400229 BILIAL TSILIGKIR
2005104339 YASEMİN BERRAK TUNA 24
2005104642 CİHAN TUNCER 29
2005102995 SAMET TUNCER 25
2005103031 MERVE TUNCİ 19
2005104786 HAKAN TUNÇ 21
2005104456 MEHMET NECİP TUNÇ
2005103715 MİNE TÜFEKÇİ 19
2005103718 MÜGE TÜFEKÇİ 13
2005101438 KANER ATAKAN TÜRKER 27
2006101531 GÜLSUN TÜRKMENOĞULLARI 30
2005103547 HANİFE UĞUR 26
2003100619 NURAY UĞUR 17
2005101795 SEÇKİN ULUSKAN 24
2005104162 FATMA CANSU USAK 19
2005100646 ALP CAN UTKU 21
2005102770 MERVE UVUT 17
2005100217 DİDEM UYGUN 26
2005102305 DUYGU UYGUN
2006102296 SELEHATTİN UYSAL 13
2005104753 AHMET UZUN 33
2005104756 MERVE UZUN 18
2004101357 ONUR UZUN 16
2005300013 FİLİZ UZUNYAYLA
2005104117 CEREN ÜLKÜ
2005102656 YAVUZ ÜNAL 26
2005101081 BERK VARDAR 22
2004102197 FATMA CANSU VAROL 15
2005100643 GİZEM VURAL 14
2006000091 AMY JOY WAKITSCH 25
2004101246 MELTEM YABACI 22
2005103775 SAMET YALÇIN 28
2005101672 YALÇIN YALINKILIÇ 30
2005100589 MÜGE YAMANYILMAZ 19
2004102905 ŞEBNEM YAPARELLER 12
2005103697 ONUR YARDIMCI 4
2005101684 GÜNSELİ YARKIN 22
2005104828 FARUK YAŞAR
2006102128 RUŞEN YAŞAR 22
2005102260 ZEYNEP YAŞAR 12
2006103358 MELİKE YAVUZ 29
2005100226 MESUT MALİK YAVUZ 32
2005103172 ÇAĞRI YAZI 36
2006104420 KÜBRA YENİ 32
2005102920 SERAP YILDIRIM 18
2005103007 ELİF YILDIZ 17
2005101159 GÖKHAN YILDIZ 25
2004101342 TEVHİD YILDIZ
2005101666 BURAK YILMAZ
2004101807 CEMİLE NAZ YILMAZ 15
2005101231 MELİKE YILMAZ 29
2005102821 MERVE YILMAZ 27
2004100373 YASEMİN YILMAZ
2005102572 HALİL İBRAHİM YÖNLÜER
2005103196 TUĞBA YUMAKLI 35
2005101012 MERVE YUMUŞAK 19
2005102611 AYTAÇ YURDAKURBAN 17
2005103919 ELİF YURTOĞLU 19
2005100811 SALİM YÜKSEKOL 28
2006104837 EKREM YÜKSEL 29
2005103115 SEVDE ZEYNEP YÜZER 23
2000470084 DERYA NEVRUZ ZENGİN
2005101591 ECE ZERMAN 27
2005103334 ŞEHİTNUR ZÜLFİKAR 25

Outline of the April 2nd Lecture / L. Mazzari

An Enlightenment Experiment: The American Revolution—

______________________________________________________

1. The Political Philosophy of the Enlightenment: The Glorious
Revolution, John Locke, and the theory of balanced government

2. Rational Claims for Self-Rule: The Declaration of Independence

3. The Machinery of American Democracy: A rational system of
checks and balances

The abortive Articles of Confederation

The U.S. Constitution: A balance no longer between estates,
but between types and sources of power
Vertical: Federal, state, county, and municipal
Horizontal: Executive, legislative, and judicial

Bill of Rights: Balance between government and individual;
Freedom “from” and the freedom “to”

4. Classical Foundations of Republican Virtue

“L’enfant’s District of Columbia
Revolutionary heroes as Roman senators

5. Republicanism to Liberalism: Tocqueville in Jacksonian America

Nature and capitalism in the new American West

6. Testing the Limits of Independence: The War for the Union and the
Definition of American Democracy

Announcement / Midterm Make-up

Midterm Make-up Examination will be held on Wednesday, May 9th in TB260.

Outline of the April 18th Lecture / A. Ersoy

The Cult of Progress


“Progress,” among the most prestigious and cherished notions of the modern world, remains an essential ingredient of how we experience the world and situate ourselves vis-a-vis the past and the future.

Informed by modern notions of temporality (by modern conceptions of change and progress), we tend to envision the entire history of the universe and of mankind as a linear, directional development – History, in other words, is envisioned as the history of progress that culminates with the emergence of the modern world.

The modern sense of directionality in time (as linear, open ended development – as a constant advance from a primitive past to a sophisticated present) is a novel concoction and a significant legacy of the Enlightenment.

In the pre-modern world, it was the past (as tradition) that guided human actions in the present, and shaped the hopes for the future – the past was the center of reference and authority.
With the advent of modern consciousness (and with the accompanying sense of rupture and irreversable break separating present modality from the organic continuities and traditions of the past), it is the future that starts governing the life of the present and the evaluation of the past – the future, now, becomes the ultimate center of authority and legitimation.

In the wake of the Enlightenment (with the waning of traditional authority and the rising prestige of secularized knowledge), the old and inextricable harmony between religion and knowledge is shattered, and large areas of thought are insulated from the direct influence of older, more religiously / ethically oriented beliefs in human destiny.
The implication of this (in terms of the status of man in the universe) is that, within this new setting, human destiny is understood to be shaped by the impersonal, complex and empirically observable laws of nature, and not regarded as a religious / ethical journey to salvation (the order of the universe is not indexed to the destiny and ordeal of man – indexed to concepts such as creation, judgement and salvation). Therefore, the traditional primacy of man, his pivotal and privileged position (as the center of the universe, the purpose of all being) is annihilated with the rise of secular knowledge and the modern sciences.
This traumatic downfall (of man losing his privilege as the purpose of the universal order, being reduced to the status of “one species among many”) engendered alternative models and strategies of thought that attempted to endow history with a new sense of purpose, continuity and directionality – now attuned to the premises of secularized knowledge. This new and secular vision of historical purpose and continuity is hinged upon the very idea of progress.
Within this new conception of change, what moves and animates history is man himself (rather than a divine plan and authority). With his superior capacity of rational knowledge and reason, man has the ability to create his own salvation, to emancipate humanity from the tyrannies of nature, the dark forces of error and superstition. Man is, therefore, reinserted at the center of history (to a new privileged position) as the instigator of progress. A new teleology emerges (a purposeful movement towards a predestined end), whereby man takes destiny in his hands, and transforms the world around him towards greater perfection, towards a better and more sophisticated future. Hence, the modern narrative of progress becomes almost a secular religion or a cult; a grand explanatory model for every possible action and event.

By the nineteenth century, firmly entrenced as a concept, progress engendered diverse models and narratives of change in philosophy, arts, and the natural and human sciences.
Among the most influential theories of progress is the theory of the Prussian thinker Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831). In Hegel’s “historical philosophy,” the moving element (progress) is characterised by a “spiritual direction” shaped by the inner drives and urges of human nature. Historical change, therefore, is the story of the fulfillment of the “spiritual aim,” which is “complete freedom.” In the deterministic / teleological scheme of Hegel, all human activities and events are, thus, parts of a grand design, a linear spiritual direction towards the progressive fulfillment of freedom.
For Hegel, this progressive unfolding of the spirit has three stages, based on the level of freedom achieved. The first stage is the “Ancient world,” (which also encompasses the contemporary Orient) where only the tyrants are free. The second stage is the “Medieval world,” where only a few (the nobility) enjoy freedom. The third and the most developed final stage to be reached is the “modern order,” where everybody enjoys freedom. This stage is made possible within what Hegel considers to be the most sophisticated form of social and political organization: the nation state.

The lasting legacy of Hegel’s theory pertains to the idea that progress is realized with the “dialectic movement of opposites,” where “conflict,” as an essential element, lies at the very center of change and improvement. In this model history is considered to be a stage for the progressive conflict of opposing ideas as steps towards the fulfillment of a higher stage of development. Here, every force is coupled by its opposition, and every “thesis” at any point is matched by an “antithesis.” Neither side ever wins (so there is never a complete revolution in the realm of ideas and actions), but the clash of the thesis and the antithesis are resolved by a stage of “synthesis.” The beauty of the theory is that each phase contains within itself the sources of its own dissolution. Thus, history is regarded as an open ended process of continuous “becoming,” a gradual, synthetic movement towards more articulate ideas and formulations that shape and animate the world.

Hegelian determinism and dialectics constitutes a lasting contribution to human thought, informing many theories of change, as well as agendas of national, political progress, emancipation and superiority. It had a profound impact on the Marxist vision of history (with its logic of dialectical movement and conflict), as well as on the positivistic philosophy of A. Comte (1798-1857), who, like Hegel, proposed a three-stage model of historical progress that culminated with the “positive stage of thought” (where human beings would be completely emancipated from the constraining boundaries of tradition and religion).

In the area of natural sciences, it was again the idea of progress, with the patterns of thought and cultural predilections that it entailed, that made possible the emergence of Charles Darwin’s theory of natural selection – which, in turn, provided a strong model and principal of change (and progress) in many fields such as politics, economy, anthropology, history, art. Following the publication of the Origin of the Species in 1859, Darwin’s views on evolution, natural selection, and “the survival of the fittest” were taken out of context by policy makers (for instance in the colonies) and appropriated into myriad theories of “social Darwinism,” usually preaching progressive agendas of subjugation, control, discrimination and supremacy. Darwinism, and its strong emphasis on the idea of progress and evolution as natural facts, was used to devise and legitimize colonializing strategies, and Eurocentric, fascistic, discriminatory and genocidal agendas (disseminating ideas of “weak races” that need to be controlled, civilized or eliminated).

In all, the modern vision of time, based on the idea of progress (with its open ended, anti-establishment drive favoring open-ended, forward movement), carried a critical and emancipatory potential, and had imprints on many “progressive” movements throughout the modern era, such as the French Revolution, the civil rights and feminist movements or anti-colonialism.
Yet, it was also the “grand narratives of progress” (and their accompanying social projects) that harnessed utterly catastrophic, oppressive or violent results for the world (ecological disasters) and humanity (the idea of total war, the Holocaust).

Thus, following the traumas of the Second World War, the grand narratives and the broad and progressive explanatory paradigms of the modern world lost their superior status and prestige. While many deep and underlying cultural predispositions related to the modern sense of time, change and progress linger on.

Announcement / Mid-term Exam Places (April 16, 2007)

ROOM-SURNAME

TB 310 ACAR - BELBER

TB 260 BERBEROĞLU-ÇAPAR

TB 240 ÇAR-DİKMEN

M1100 DİNÇ-HALİLOĞLU

PARK 1 HIZLIKAN-ONAY

GYM ONGUN- TANHAN

PARK 2 TANRINIAN-ZÜLFİKAR

Outline of the April 9th Lecture / Y. Terzibaşoğlu

Old Empires: Romanovs, Ottomans and Habsburgs
The Struggle for Survival

Old empires versus colonial empires

City-states, empires and nation-states

Empires are characterised by indirect rule, carried out under a special contract between the central power and the local intermediaries.

Flexible and adaptable polities

Consequences of the fall of empires
The break-up of old empires disrupted the basic state structure at the centre by dividing the empire into a number of successor states.

Common characteristics of the Russian, Ottoman and Habsburg empires in the 19th century in terms of:

1) Re-ordering of state structures

2) The ‘national question’

3) Their position in the international state system of the 19th century

Extra Readings for the March 12th Lecture / M. Toksöz

Jerry H. Bentley and Herbert F. Ziegler, Traditions Encounters: A Global Perspective on the Past, Boston: McGrawHill, 2000, pp. 673-689

Outline of the April 11th Lecture / V. Kechriotis

Towards a Europe of Nations

- The concept of the modern nation: from medieval universities to the ‘noble’ nation

- Absolutist Monarchy co-opts landed aristocracy and the urban middle classes in the bureaucracy and the military: ‘noblesse de robe’ (nobility of the gown, by holding a certain office) as opposed to the ‘noblesse d’ epée’ (nobility of the sword, through hereditary right).

- The background of the Treaty of Westfalia (1648) that terminated the Thirty Years War
i) Coalition of France and the German Princes prevailed.
ii) Calvinism was recognised as equal to Catholicism and Loutheranism.
iii) The utopia of an Earthly Christian polity was abandoned as a result of the defeat of the Holy Roman Empire and the foundation of a new European system of states.
iv) It reinforced centralisation in Western Europe, especially in France, and fragmentation in central Europe, a condition that will contribute to the emergence of two different kinds of nationalism, ‘state’ and ‘ethnic’ ones.
v) The ruler can impose his own religion, which leads not to tolerance but to religious and ethnic homogenisation, (Louis XIV against Hugenotes, English Parliament againts both Catholics and the rulers Charles I and James II).

- Development of parliamentary institutions in France and Britain: Two opposing cases of state-builidng and nation-building.

England

i) In 1541, Church of England established by Henry VIII.
ii) From the rule of the Tudor (Henry VIII-Elizabeth) in the 16th c. to that of the Stuart from Scotland in the 17th c. after the Union of Scotland and England 1603.
iii) Welsh gentry entered the Union enjoying privileges.
iv) Ireland was imposed a Protestant Rule, reinforced by Scotish Presbyterians.
v) British Civil Wars: It started with the Scotish reaction, backed by the Parliament, against pro-Catholic Charles I’s authoritarianism.
vi) The Parliament that represented the elected notables from the shires was suspended between 1629-40. When it was restored, based on the ‘Magna Carta’ (1214), it claimed sovereignty and eventually it prevailed. Charles I was put to death.
vii) The Protestant radicals will develop to the Whigs, the Catholic royalists to the Torrys.
viii) Similarly in 1688, the ‘Glorious Revolution’ broke out as a reaction against Catholic James II’s intention to include the Catholics to the Acts of Tolerance.
ix) Eventually, Great Britain will be established in 1707 and the Hannover (Windsor) dynasty will rule, contributing to a new British identity.
x) The Parliament prevailed, but its sovereignty derived from itself not from the people. Reactionary English Catholicism combined with a nostalgia for self-administation .
xi) The Enclosures (promoting livestock) and the Clearances were imposed by loyalist landowners against populations who had supported the Royalty (Highlanders in Scotland) and paved the way for the devastation of the pesantry and prepared the Industrial Revolution.
xii) British society divided into a well-endowed loyalist minority and a disposessed majority.

France

i) From the Valois (Francois I) to the Burbon dynasty (Louis XIV, King-Sun)
ii) The nobility had challenged royal authority in the Wars of Fronde (1648-1856) and was crashed by the chief-minister Cardinal Mazarin, who established absolutism.
iii) Centralisation of the state but local previleges survive, ‘libertés’.
iv) Incorporation of the nobility to the bureaucracy and the palace life at Versailles.
v) Administration by special committes and eventually Intendants.
vi) The three estates in the Parliament: clergy, aristocracy (also bourgeois gentilhommes) and the rest of the population. It survived in permanent suspension and only registered royal decress.
vii) The Parliament was summoned by Louis XVI and this led to the French Revolution.
viii) The pesantry survived thanks to the limited autonomy provided by the center and the incapacity of the landed aristocracy to impose its own rule. Later on, this peasantry formed the base for a popular democracy, where authority emanated from the people.
ix) Emphasis on indivdual rights in British tradition (John Lock) and on the general will in the French tradition (Jean Jacques Rousseau).
x) This leads to Ernest Renan (nation is an everyday plebiscite) and Lord Acton (imperial liberalism) at the end of the 19th c.

Constitutionalism in the 19th c.:

Three major ideologies Liberalism – Conservatism - Nationalism

i) In 1812 ‘Liberales’ introduce Spanish Constitution.
ii) Sources: British Parliamentarism. American Revolution.
iii) Republicanism or Constitutional Monarchy: Government by consent. Rule of Law, Individual Liberty, Constitutional Procedures, Religious Toleration, Universal Rights of Man. It opposes the prerogatives of the Crown, the Church, the Aristocracy. John Lock, John Stuart Mill.
iv) Economic Liberalism. Laissez faire, Adam Smith, David Ricardo.
v) Conservatism supports individual rights and opposes the omnipotent state but it advocates the organic growth of institutions. Anti-revolutionary. Edmund Burke.
vi) England and France opposing cases again. In England the absence of revolution led to a delay of reforms. A reformed parliament appers only in 1832. Corn Laws againts Free Trade survive until 1846. The Church of England remained powerful. The feudal privileges of the House of Lords survived until 1911. The Whigs and Torrys were enentually transformed into Liberals and Conservatives.
vii) France saw two revolutions. 1830 with Louis-Philip establishing July Monarchy and 1848 with Napoleon III establishing a new Empire. The 1830 uprising led to the Belgian Independence and Constituton, the 1848 liberal nationalist uprisings spread all over Europe. The fall of Napoleon III led to the Paris Commune (1871) and the Second Republic.
viii) The 1848 uprisings led to the establishment of new parliaments: the ‘Vorpalament’ in Frankfurt and the ‘Slav Congress’ in Prague.
ix) Eventually with the coordination of authoritarian powers, the 1848 uprisings were everywere supressed. The memory of the uprising, however, remained alive. Monarchies realised it was more practical to provide concessions than suppressing revolts.
x) In Spain, In 1812 ‘Liberales’ introduce Spanish Constitution. From 1829 ‘Exaltados’, extreme radicals against ‘apostolicos’ monarchists antagonise each othe under the monarch Don Carlos. Several constitutions were introduced and annuled until a constitutional monarchy was established between 1876-1920.
xi) In Portugal, a constitution was granted in 1826 by King Pedro but absolutism prevailed until 1853. A constitutional monarchy was then established until 1910 when the Republic was declared.

Announcement/Film Feature

Danton will be shown on April 6th at 17.00 in the usual place (GKM).

Study Sheet for February 21th and March 14th Lectures / S. Esenbel

l. Zheng He Expeditions

Zheng He as a Chinese Muslim Eunuch

Yung Lo Emperor



Silk Road and Arab Sea Trade

Mongol World Empire and globalization

Marco Polo Journey to China

Ibn Batuta Journey to Asia



Historical Significance of the Chinese Expeditions Compared with the Age of Discovery by Europeans


2. Ming Chinese Bureaucracy and Tokugawa Centralized Feudalism

Voltaire and the Enlightenment View of Chinese Bureaucratic Empire

Ming Bureaucracy

State Examinations

Autocracy of the Ming Emperor

Tokugawa Centralized Feudalism

Shoguns and the Bakufu government

Local autonomy of Domains

Announcement / Film Feature

Merchant of Venice (this time the recent version with Al Pacino and Jeremy Irons) will be shown on Friday, March 30 in the usual place (GKM).

Outline of the March 19th Lecture / D. Terzioğlu

Absolutism Challenged: The English Revolution


1. England under the early Stuarts: an overview

(Important terms: gentry; House of Lord, House of Commons; common law; Anglicans, Puritans)

2. Causes of the constitutional crisis and the civil war

1. Fiscal
2. Religious
3. Constitutional

3. From constitutional crisis to the “puritan republic”

Petition of Right (1628)
Short Parliament (1640)
Long Parliament (1640-2)
Civil War (1642-6)
“The Puritan Republic” (1649-1660)
Cromwellian Protectorate (1653-1660)

4. Restoration and the Glorious Revolution

(Important terms: Whigs and Tories; Test Act)

Monarchy triumphant: the reign of Charles II (1649/1660-1685)
Crisis anew: the reign of James II (1685-8)
The Glorious Revolution (1688-9)

5. A comparison between England and France

Royal agendas and ideologies
Social base of the opposition to absolutism
Ideological base of the opposition to absolutism: John Locke and the Two Treatises on Government

Outline of the March 16th Lecture / D. Terzioğlu

Absolutism at its peak: France under Louis XIV

1. France before Louis XIV

The French monarchical tradition
Limits to royal authority
Precursors to Louis XIV: Henry IV, Richelieu, Mazarin
Setback: the Fronde (1649-1652)

2. The personal rule of Louis XIV (1661-1715)

Policies towards the parlements
Cooptation of “nobility of the sword”
Administration mainly in the hands of “nobility of the robe”
Mercantilist policies (Colbert)
Modernization of army (Louvois and Vauban)
Justifies absolutist rule through “divine right of kings” (Bossuet)
Active patronage of arts and letters to refashion royal image
More controversial aspects of Louis’s absolutism:
Religious intolerance: Revocation of the Edict of Nantes (1685); suppression of Jansenism
Wars and fiscal pressures

3. The reception of Louis XIV

Montesquieu, Persian Letters (1721)
Voltaire, The Age of Louis XIV (1750)

Announcement / Change in Schedule:

March 21 and 23 lectures of Prof. Edhem Eldem will be given by Asst. Prof. Yavuz Selim Karakışla.

Outline of the March 12th Lecture / M. Toksöz

OTTOMAN SAFAVID MUGHAL RULE

Three cases of state building in a geography from western Anatolia to the east of South Asia

Similarities in their formation:

- Relying on military bureaucracies inspired by the traditions of Turco-Mongol steppe peoples and Islam
- Adopting economic policies based on agriculture that fed the military
- Ruling over or conquering multi-ethnic and/or multi-religious societies
- Depending on the legitimacy of the ruler
- Developing after frontier principalities, the Ottoman Principality, the İlkhans and the Delhi Sultanate, from decentralized formations to central dynastic rule
- Adapting to the city-based agricultural societies

Warrior aristocracies in multi-faceted environments on geographies of co-existence in a chaotic era turning into ruling dynasties with armies, land tenure systems and central administration.

Religious basis of Sufism. Emergence of shiisim with the Safavids.

IMPORTANT ANNOUNCEMENT:
CHANGE OF LECTURE HALL
FOR 16 MARCH ONLY
The lecture on 16 March will be at the GYM.
The film scheduled for 16 March
will be shown on 23 March at the usual place (GKM)

Outline of the March 5th Lecture / L. Babaoğlu

REFORMATION AND SOCIETY

Gender, family, literacy, charity, elite vs. popular culture

The interaction between society and culture and the balance between tradition and innovation during the Reformation is the subject of this lecture.

Q- How did the Reformation alter the order of society?
Q- How did the religious experience, the new style of worship, effect the traditional meaning system?

The fact that we are dealing not with a monolithic cultural system but with different intersecting cultures makes the issue even more complicated.

Culture; in the broad sense refers to all aspects of the way in which a society relates to and makes sense of the world.
We may define culture; as patterns of behaviour and belief, as assumptions, value sustems and expectations.
We may define society; as an integration of social units which provide their members with tradition and identity.
The members of each social order belong to and participate in a meaningful collectivity respectively. This is the pattern how people define themselves (as a member of a family, of a community, of a group, etc.).
However, the particiants in intersecting classes have different even conflicting founding assumptions, value systems and expectations.

Within this context, we will look at the change of social patterns and practices.


FAMILY

Q- Is there a connection between the changes in the religious doctrine and the changes in the organization of the family.?

Steven Ozment, in his book The Ancestors (2001), looks at the premodern and preindustrial societies and compares them with the modern family.
Ozment, defines family; as “an organization of discrete individuals interacting with one another in a sui generis familial world created by and large by that interaction.”
According to Ozment beneath the external structure and organization of a family exists the private life of individuals within a household.
The houshold maybe composed of extended families or nuclear families. Another important question is about the relations between husband and wife, and parents and children.





Lawrence Stone, in his book The Family, Sex and Marriage in England 1500-1800 (1990),
Posits three overlapping chronological periods, each of which presented a predominant family type.
1) The open lineage family 1450-1630.
2) The restricted patriarchal nuclear family 1550-1700
3) The closed domestic nuclear family.


Stone, analysis each type according the composition of the family and the existing relations among the members of the family and the child rearing practices.

Ozment provides us with more detailed accounts concentrating on the concept of marriage. According to him the Protestant Reformation supplied a new concept of marriage (Luther legalized clerical marriage).

GENDER

The Protestans rejected ancient and medieval portrayals of women as physically, mentally amd morally inferior to males.
Lutherans insisted on the on the husband’s biblically commanded headship, but they also praised intellectual cameradarie between husbands and wifes and thought a pragmatic equality within marriage. According to Ozment, the legal innovation of divorce and remarriage had farreaching consequences fort the future equality of the sexes.
Natalie Zemon Davis, in her book Society and Culture in Early Modern France (1987),
Gives us a new definition of marriage and accepts the changes but she argues that the changed roles of women within life, liturgy, symbolism and the organization of the reformed Church are more important in illuminating the changing relations within the family.
Her search on the judicial records and private contracts reveal that the Mediaval women were beter off compared with the Early Modern women.
With the Reformation a new image of the Christian women was presented in the Calvinist popular literature. Women should read the Bible, in order to be able to provide companianship to their husbands at home and to educate their children about good behavior. But they had no voice concerning the organization of the institution of the Church and religious experience.
Although there were differences among women of varried social classes the converted males gained more in religious aspects than the converted females.


LITERACY

According to Davis, the urban elite women had at least a vernacular education usually by private tutors. The non-noble city women were rarely educated.
Protestantism made efforts to encourage literacy, even poor girls in orphanages were educated. But although in the populous middle rank of urban society, both male and female, literacy may have risen from the mid 15.century under the impact of economic growth and the invention of printing, literacy of the men increased much more than that of the women.





CHARITY

The tradition of alms giving as a religious obligation underwent changes as well. Yet it is important to note that the novelties concerning charity were introduced by a coalition of Catholic and Protestant notables and not by the clerics. The leaders of the Church were theoretically protectors of the poor but practically this was not the case.
The rising poverty and problems coming along with it threatened the total population of the cities. Thus the social forces shaped the city dwellers’ attitudes and actions.

Based on brotherly love, according to the Bible, it was (is) among the duties of the faithful that they care for their neighbours. This was accepted as a path to their salvation.
And the strong believers who wanted to avoid thisworldly pleasures and materialism led an ascetic life depending on this alms giving tradition.

The demographic recoveries in urban centers had a negative impact on poverty. Which led to a change of treatment of poverty. Due to the changing urban conditions the increase of immigration and furthermore the decline in death rates let the population rise to 45000s even to 60000s. Parallely the growing numbers of the poor population led to urban disorder, misery, and illness. That the riots were harshly punished only worsened the sitaution. Finally, to eliminate begging and starvation and to alter these conditions a wellfare and health reform was introduced. An administration of laymen was formed who took certain measures.
As an outcome begging was prohibited and alms giving was brought under a central control. It turned out that centralization had economic and social advantages.
What was realized was a novel conception of charity. Plus a new conception of labor.

According to Protestantism all men can and should live the religion and men live such a life if they impoly their calling, their life task, their place in this world.
Protestant asceticism, as Max Weber puts it in his book, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism (1904/05), was a worldly asceticism and had to replace monastic asceticism which was not a means of justification. In contrast labour in a calling appeared to Luther as the outward expression of brotherly love.
To repeat, a life pleasing to God and obedient to the divine law was to be lived in the ordinary occupation of men.
Thus labor became a religious duty and profit was not something to be ashamed of, on the contrary, it was cherished.

Outline of the March 2nd Lecture / L. Babaoğlu

REFORMATION AND COUNTER REFORMATION:
CHANGE IN RELIGIOUS CULTURE

- Definition of the Reformation, A movement in religion and thelogy; a split in Christian
belief .

- Causes of the Reformation;

a) Concerning the general historical context of 16. century Europe : The impact of the
Renaissance, the impact of the discoveries, the rise of the capitalistic mode of production,
the growth of national consciousness

b) Concerning the history of the Christian religion.: Why and how did the early 16.century
upheavals bring about a reformation?

- The theological disputes of the Reformation:

The corruption and abuses of the Catholic church.

Sales of dispansations: Exemption from law of the church, e.g., fasting.
Sales of indulgences: Forgiveness of the guilt created by the sin.
However, according to the Christian belief, the faithful should earn –and not buy- salvation.. Forgiveness should be gained by prayer and good Works.

- The outcome of the Reformation: The religious unity of Western Europe was broken. The Medieval church lost its authority concerning spiritual matters as well as thisworldly matters.


The theological doctrines:

1) The Doctrine of Justification by Faith;
Or the theology by St: paul (3-64 AD); Faith in Jesus colud bring men salvation.

2) The Doctrine of the Papal Supremacy;
Or the Doctrine of St. Peter: Jesus delegated his supernatural powers to St. Peter and gave him the keys to the kingdom of heaven. St. Peter went to Rome and became the first bishop of Rome. To this day, whoever is elected the Bishop of Rome continues the ministry given to St. Peter. So each new Bishop of Rome becomes the Pope, which means father.

3) The Doctrine of Predestination;
Or the Theology of St. Augustine (354-430 AD): Is based on the assumption that man is
sinful by nature. God created the world in the knowledge that some men would respond to
the divine invitation to lead holy lives and that others would resist to cooporate. In this
way God predestined those to be saved.

This doctrine placed man’s faith entirely in the hands of God and rendered the apparatus and the functions of the Church unnecessary.

4) The theologies of Peter Lombard and St. Thomas Acquinas (1225-74);
Men had a free will and had the power to choose good and evil. But he could not made the
choice unaided, thus he had to recieve the sacraments. Out of 7, the most important 4
were indispensible:

Baptism: Cleaning of previous sin
Penance: The sinner was absolved from guilt
Communion: Infusion of the Christian believer with the spirit of Christ.
Eucharist: Bread and wine symbolising the blood and flesh of Jesus.

According to the Petrine Doctrine, only members of the clergy had the authority to cooporate
with God in forgiving sin.

This doctrine strengthened the authority of the priesthood and was opposed by the reformers.


Martin Luther (1483-1546), prof. of theology at the University of Wittenberg, nailed in 1517 a paper of 95 thesis to the door of the castle church and attacked the practice of selling indulgences. Luther held that man was justified by faith alone. Faith was created by giving oneself to the message of the Gospel. Luther stressed religious individualism and rendered the hole apparatus of the church which was designed to mediate between man and God superfluous.
His views proved revolutionary and his reform signalled the end of the Medieval Church.

John Calvin (1509-1564), a French lawyer made the Protestant movement an international religious rebellion.
Like Luther, he stressed the sole authority of the Bible but he was much more radical. He rejected the entire ecclesiastical hierarchy and the ceremonial aspects of worship.
Both, Luther and Calvin, upheld the separation of church and state.

The Catholic response to the Reformation was the Counter Reformation, i.e., the church made a number of attempts to reform itself.

During 1540s the Church decided to undertake,1) a thorough examination of doctrines and practices; 2) the instruction and education of all Christians.
The desired effect was the reunification of the Church, but a separation of the doctrinal lines was drawn.

As an outcome, the religious unity of Western Europe was broken. The Protestant movement among other facts, gave birth to the Modern Era in the West.